The article discusses the mechanisms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for maintaining stable neuronal and circuit activity in the face of various plastic challenges. Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms, such as synaptic scaling, allow neurons to detect changes in their firing rates and adjust receptor trafficking to balance glutamate receptor accumulation at synaptic sites. These mechanisms can operate at both local and global levels, affecting individual or groups of synapses, and can be regulated by presynaptic and postsynaptic factors. The signaling pathways underlying these mechanisms are complex and involve calcium-dependent sensors, transcription factors, and signaling molecules like BDNF and TNFα. Homeostatic plasticity is essential for maintaining stable neuronal activity during development and learning, and it helps organisms adapt to changing environments. The article also highlights the role of secreted factors like BDNF and TNFα in network-wide homeostatic balancing of excitation and inhibition. Additionally, it explores the specificity of synaptic scaling rules for different types of synapses and the importance of homeostatic plasticity in vivo, particularly in visual and auditory systems. Overall, homeostatic plasticity is a multifaceted process that ensures the stability and adaptability of neural circuits.The article discusses the mechanisms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for maintaining stable neuronal and circuit activity in the face of various plastic challenges. Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms, such as synaptic scaling, allow neurons to detect changes in their firing rates and adjust receptor trafficking to balance glutamate receptor accumulation at synaptic sites. These mechanisms can operate at both local and global levels, affecting individual or groups of synapses, and can be regulated by presynaptic and postsynaptic factors. The signaling pathways underlying these mechanisms are complex and involve calcium-dependent sensors, transcription factors, and signaling molecules like BDNF and TNFα. Homeostatic plasticity is essential for maintaining stable neuronal activity during development and learning, and it helps organisms adapt to changing environments. The article also highlights the role of secreted factors like BDNF and TNFα in network-wide homeostatic balancing of excitation and inhibition. Additionally, it explores the specificity of synaptic scaling rules for different types of synapses and the importance of homeostatic plasticity in vivo, particularly in visual and auditory systems. Overall, homeostatic plasticity is a multifaceted process that ensures the stability and adaptability of neural circuits.