This article reviews the hormonal modulation of plant immunity, focusing on the interplay between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. These hormones are central to plant immune responses against pathogens, insects, and beneficial microbes. SA is primarily involved in defense against biotrophic pathogens, while JA is crucial for resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and herbivores. The signaling pathways are interconnected, allowing plants to rapidly adapt to environmental challenges. The SA pathway is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and involves the transcription factor NPR1, which enhances the expression of defense-related genes. The JA pathway is triggered by insect herbivory and involves the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) protein, which targets JAZ repressor proteins for degradation, thereby activating JA-responsive genes. The interaction between SA and JA pathways is complex, with antagonistic and synergistic effects that help plants balance defense responses against different threats. Beneficial microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria, also modulate plant immunity by hijacking hormone signaling pathways to establish mutualistic relationships. Insects and pathogens can interfere with these pathways to suppress plant defenses. The article discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying SA-JA cross talk, including the roles of transcription factors like TGA and WRKY, and the influence of other hormones such as ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. The study highlights the importance of hormonal cross talk in fine-tuning plant immune responses, ensuring efficient resource use and survival. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing strategies to enhance plant resistance to biotic stresses.This article reviews the hormonal modulation of plant immunity, focusing on the interplay between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. These hormones are central to plant immune responses against pathogens, insects, and beneficial microbes. SA is primarily involved in defense against biotrophic pathogens, while JA is crucial for resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and herbivores. The signaling pathways are interconnected, allowing plants to rapidly adapt to environmental challenges. The SA pathway is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and involves the transcription factor NPR1, which enhances the expression of defense-related genes. The JA pathway is triggered by insect herbivory and involves the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) protein, which targets JAZ repressor proteins for degradation, thereby activating JA-responsive genes. The interaction between SA and JA pathways is complex, with antagonistic and synergistic effects that help plants balance defense responses against different threats. Beneficial microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria, also modulate plant immunity by hijacking hormone signaling pathways to establish mutualistic relationships. Insects and pathogens can interfere with these pathways to suppress plant defenses. The article discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying SA-JA cross talk, including the roles of transcription factors like TGA and WRKY, and the influence of other hormones such as ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. The study highlights the importance of hormonal cross talk in fine-tuning plant immune responses, ensuring efficient resource use and survival. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing strategies to enhance plant resistance to biotic stresses.