This review article discusses hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in understanding their pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, and treatment, the accurate identification of risk factors and clinical judgment based on biomarkers (procalcitonin, sTREM-1, CRP, MR pro-ADM, etc.) is crucial for effective management. The article provides an overview of the terminology used for nosocomial pneumonia, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and new treatment options. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between different types of pneumonia, such as ICU-acquired HAP, which can be further classified into ventilated and non-ventilated subtypes. The review also discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for HAP and VAP. It emphasizes the role of biomarkers in diagnosis and management, as well as the importance of preventive measures such as the "bundle of care" approach. The article also addresses the challenges posed by multidrug-resistant pathogens and the need for antibiotic stewardship. Finally, it outlines the current treatment strategies, including the use of new antibiotics for HAP and VAP, and highlights the importance of future research in improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections.This review article discusses hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in understanding their pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, and treatment, the accurate identification of risk factors and clinical judgment based on biomarkers (procalcitonin, sTREM-1, CRP, MR pro-ADM, etc.) is crucial for effective management. The article provides an overview of the terminology used for nosocomial pneumonia, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and new treatment options. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between different types of pneumonia, such as ICU-acquired HAP, which can be further classified into ventilated and non-ventilated subtypes. The review also discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for HAP and VAP. It emphasizes the role of biomarkers in diagnosis and management, as well as the importance of preventive measures such as the "bundle of care" approach. The article also addresses the challenges posed by multidrug-resistant pathogens and the need for antibiotic stewardship. Finally, it outlines the current treatment strategies, including the use of new antibiotics for HAP and VAP, and highlights the importance of future research in improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections.