This paper discusses how beta-diversity, the variation in species composition between local communities, can inform biodiversity conservation. It reviews how human activities such as farming, logging, urbanization, and climate change affect beta-diversity, which can increase, decrease, or remain unchanged depending on the balance of processes that lead to more or less similar species compositions between sites. Understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning. The paper highlights the importance of accurately measuring and interpreting beta-diversity to guide conservation strategies. It also discusses the challenges of using various beta-diversity metrics, which can lead to confusion and debate in the ecological literature. The paper emphasizes the need for careful application of beta-diversity metrics to specific conservation problems and the importance of considering spatial scales when measuring local and regional patterns. It also explores how beta-diversity can be used to assess the impacts of human activities on biodiversity, including farming, urbanization, biological invasions, hunting, and climate change. The paper concludes that beta-diversity provides a critical link for integrating conservation insights across different spatial scales.This paper discusses how beta-diversity, the variation in species composition between local communities, can inform biodiversity conservation. It reviews how human activities such as farming, logging, urbanization, and climate change affect beta-diversity, which can increase, decrease, or remain unchanged depending on the balance of processes that lead to more or less similar species compositions between sites. Understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning. The paper highlights the importance of accurately measuring and interpreting beta-diversity to guide conservation strategies. It also discusses the challenges of using various beta-diversity metrics, which can lead to confusion and debate in the ecological literature. The paper emphasizes the need for careful application of beta-diversity metrics to specific conservation problems and the importance of considering spatial scales when measuring local and regional patterns. It also explores how beta-diversity can be used to assess the impacts of human activities on biodiversity, including farming, urbanization, biological invasions, hunting, and climate change. The paper concludes that beta-diversity provides a critical link for integrating conservation insights across different spatial scales.