This chapter by Douglas Almond and Janet Currie explores the long-term impacts of early childhood conditions on adult outcomes and the potential for remediation. The authors review recent research that demonstrates how events before age five can significantly influence adult educational attainment, earnings, and employment. They highlight the importance of both in utero and postnatal influences, emphasizing that while early childhood damage can be permanent, it often can be mitigated through targeted interventions. The chapter discusses various policy approaches to remediation, including income transfers and specific domain interventions, and provides a list of outstanding research questions. The authors also address methodological issues, such as the use of fixed effects and the challenges of data collection and privacy concerns in longitudinal studies. They conclude by emphasizing the need for more effective data sharing and research to fully understand and address the long-term effects of early childhood conditions.This chapter by Douglas Almond and Janet Currie explores the long-term impacts of early childhood conditions on adult outcomes and the potential for remediation. The authors review recent research that demonstrates how events before age five can significantly influence adult educational attainment, earnings, and employment. They highlight the importance of both in utero and postnatal influences, emphasizing that while early childhood damage can be permanent, it often can be mitigated through targeted interventions. The chapter discusses various policy approaches to remediation, including income transfers and specific domain interventions, and provides a list of outstanding research questions. The authors also address methodological issues, such as the use of fixed effects and the challenges of data collection and privacy concerns in longitudinal studies. They conclude by emphasizing the need for more effective data sharing and research to fully understand and address the long-term effects of early childhood conditions.