This report provides a comprehensive review of the health risks associated with aluminum, aluminum oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. It covers the identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods, sources of human exposure, kinetics and metabolism, effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems, and effects on humans. The report highlights that aluminum is widely used in various industries and consumer products, and its compounds are prevalent in the environment. Occupational exposure to aluminum can lead to respiratory and neurological issues, while non-occupational exposure through drinking water and antacids has been linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The report concludes with a risk assessment, identifying strong evidence of irritation from inhalation and injection, modest evidence of reproductive and neurological toxicity, and limited evidence of bone toxicity. It also emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the health risks of aluminum exposure.This report provides a comprehensive review of the health risks associated with aluminum, aluminum oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. It covers the identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods, sources of human exposure, kinetics and metabolism, effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems, and effects on humans. The report highlights that aluminum is widely used in various industries and consumer products, and its compounds are prevalent in the environment. Occupational exposure to aluminum can lead to respiratory and neurological issues, while non-occupational exposure through drinking water and antacids has been linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The report concludes with a risk assessment, identifying strong evidence of irritation from inhalation and injection, modest evidence of reproductive and neurological toxicity, and limited evidence of bone toxicity. It also emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the health risks of aluminum exposure.