The chapter "Human Health Effects of Air Pollution" by Lawrence J. Folinsbee reviews the advancements in understanding the health impacts of air pollutants over the past three to four decades. It highlights the multidisciplinary approach that combines epidemiology, animal toxicology, and controlled human exposure studies to study the effects of air pollutants on human health. The review emphasizes the responses of humans to specific pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, including changes in respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway reactivity, inflammation, and structural remodeling. The chapter also discusses the importance of repeated exposure, the impact on sensitive populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, and the role of exercise in exacerbating or mitigating these effects. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of action, such as the damage to airway epithelial cells leading to hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, and the neurobehavioral effects of carbon monoxide. The chapter concludes by noting the ongoing need for more research to fully understand the complex interactions of air pollutants and their health effects, particularly in the context of ambient air mixtures.The chapter "Human Health Effects of Air Pollution" by Lawrence J. Folinsbee reviews the advancements in understanding the health impacts of air pollutants over the past three to four decades. It highlights the multidisciplinary approach that combines epidemiology, animal toxicology, and controlled human exposure studies to study the effects of air pollutants on human health. The review emphasizes the responses of humans to specific pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, including changes in respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway reactivity, inflammation, and structural remodeling. The chapter also discusses the importance of repeated exposure, the impact on sensitive populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, and the role of exercise in exacerbating or mitigating these effects. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of action, such as the damage to airway epithelial cells leading to hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, and the neurobehavioral effects of carbon monoxide. The chapter concludes by noting the ongoing need for more research to fully understand the complex interactions of air pollutants and their health effects, particularly in the context of ambient air mixtures.