Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that can differentiate into various cell lineages, including mesodermal (e.g., osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes), ectodermal (e.g., neurocytes), and endodermal (e.g., hepatocytes) cells. They are characterized by specific cell surface markers (CD73, CD90, CD105) and lack expression of CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. hMSCs can be isolated from various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord. They have immunomodulatory properties, secrete cytokines, and can be cultured long-term in specific media. hMSCs have shown potential in treating chronic diseases and are being used in clinical trials. They have the ability to homing to injured sites and can be cryopreserved for future use. However, challenges remain in ensuring their safety, efficacy, and long-term stability. Current research focuses on improving hMSCs isolation, expansion, and cryopreservation techniques, as well as understanding their mechanisms of action and potential applications in regenerative medicine. The future of hMSCs in clinical therapy is promising, with ongoing research aimed at enhancing their therapeutic potential and ensuring their safe and effective use.Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that can differentiate into various cell lineages, including mesodermal (e.g., osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes), ectodermal (e.g., neurocytes), and endodermal (e.g., hepatocytes) cells. They are characterized by specific cell surface markers (CD73, CD90, CD105) and lack expression of CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. hMSCs can be isolated from various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord. They have immunomodulatory properties, secrete cytokines, and can be cultured long-term in specific media. hMSCs have shown potential in treating chronic diseases and are being used in clinical trials. They have the ability to homing to injured sites and can be cryopreserved for future use. However, challenges remain in ensuring their safety, efficacy, and long-term stability. Current research focuses on improving hMSCs isolation, expansion, and cryopreservation techniques, as well as understanding their mechanisms of action and potential applications in regenerative medicine. The future of hMSCs in clinical therapy is promising, with ongoing research aimed at enhancing their therapeutic potential and ensuring their safe and effective use.