The article provides a comprehensive overview of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), their sources, characteristics, and applications in treating chronic diseases. hMSCs are adult stem cells that can differentiate into various lineages, including mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages. They are characterized by specific cell surface markers and have immunomodulatory properties, making them promising for regenerative medicine. The review highlights recent advancements in hMSCs research, including their isolation from various tissues, long-term in vitro culture, differentiation potential, immunomodulatory features, and clinical applications. hMSCs have shown potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. However, challenges such as off-target homing and the risk of oncogenic transformation remain to be addressed. The article also discusses the importance of cryopreservation and banking for clinical use and the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms regulating hMSCs. Despite these challenges, hMSCs show great promise in future cell therapy and regenerative medicine.The article provides a comprehensive overview of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), their sources, characteristics, and applications in treating chronic diseases. hMSCs are adult stem cells that can differentiate into various lineages, including mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages. They are characterized by specific cell surface markers and have immunomodulatory properties, making them promising for regenerative medicine. The review highlights recent advancements in hMSCs research, including their isolation from various tissues, long-term in vitro culture, differentiation potential, immunomodulatory features, and clinical applications. hMSCs have shown potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. However, challenges such as off-target homing and the risk of oncogenic transformation remain to be addressed. The article also discusses the importance of cryopreservation and banking for clinical use and the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms regulating hMSCs. Despite these challenges, hMSCs show great promise in future cell therapy and regenerative medicine.