Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a versatile platform chemical derived from renewable resources, particularly carbohydrates. This review discusses HMF's nutritional and toxicological aspects, dehydration chemistry, process chemistry, and its potential as a platform chemical for various applications. HMF is formed through the dehydration of hexoses, such as fructose and glucose, and is a key intermediate in the production of various chemicals and fuels. The review highlights the mechanisms of HMF formation, including the role of different solvent systems and the impact of reaction conditions on HMF yield. It also discusses the metabolic breakdown of HMF and its derivatives, as well as their toxicological effects. The review emphasizes the importance of HMF as a sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemicals and fuels, and outlines the challenges and opportunities in its production and application. The review concludes that while HMF has significant potential, further research is needed to improve its efficiency and reduce costs to make it a viable alternative in the chemical industry.Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a versatile platform chemical derived from renewable resources, particularly carbohydrates. This review discusses HMF's nutritional and toxicological aspects, dehydration chemistry, process chemistry, and its potential as a platform chemical for various applications. HMF is formed through the dehydration of hexoses, such as fructose and glucose, and is a key intermediate in the production of various chemicals and fuels. The review highlights the mechanisms of HMF formation, including the role of different solvent systems and the impact of reaction conditions on HMF yield. It also discusses the metabolic breakdown of HMF and its derivatives, as well as their toxicological effects. The review emphasizes the importance of HMF as a sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemicals and fuels, and outlines the challenges and opportunities in its production and application. The review concludes that while HMF has significant potential, further research is needed to improve its efficiency and reduce costs to make it a viable alternative in the chemical industry.