**Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains** **Authors:** Elli Androulaki **Abstract:** Fabric is an open-source, modular, and extensible system for deploying and operating permissioned blockchains, hosted by the Linux Foundation. It is the first truly extensible blockchain system that supports distributed applications written in standard, general-purpose programming languages, without a native cryptocurrency. Fabric introduces a novel blockchain design that addresses non-determinism, resource exhaustion, and performance attacks. This paper describes Fabric's architecture, design rationale, implementation aspects, and distributed application programming model. It evaluates Fabric by implementing and benchmarking a Bitcoin-inspired digital currency, achieving end-to-end throughput of over 3500 transactions per second with sub-second latency and scaling to over 100 peers. **Introduction:** The paper defines blockchain as an immutable ledger for recording transactions within a distributed network of untrusting peers. It discusses the differences between public and permissioned blockchains, emphasizing the need for flexible trust models in permissioned systems. The paper critiques the traditional order-execute architecture, highlighting its limitations such as sequential execution, non-deterministic code, and lack of confidentiality. It introduces Fabric's execute-order-validate paradigm, which separates transaction execution, ordering, and validation phases, enhancing resilience, flexibility, scalability, and confidentiality. **Background:** The paper reviews the order-execute architecture and its limitations, including sequential execution, non-deterministic code, and fixed trust models. It discusses the challenges of non-deterministic transactions and the need for flexible trust assumptions in permissioned systems. **Architecture:** Fabric's architecture is described, including the execution, ordering, and validation phases. It emphasizes the separation of concerns, modular consensus protocols, and the use of a membership service provider (MSP) for identity management. The paper also details the components of a Fabric peer, such as the ledger, transaction manager, and gossip service. **Evaluation:** The paper evaluates Fabric's performance through a Bitcoin-inspired cryptocurrency implementation, demonstrating high throughput, low latency, and scalability. It discusses real-world use cases and related work, highlighting Fabric's advantages over existing blockchain platforms.**Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains** **Authors:** Elli Androulaki **Abstract:** Fabric is an open-source, modular, and extensible system for deploying and operating permissioned blockchains, hosted by the Linux Foundation. It is the first truly extensible blockchain system that supports distributed applications written in standard, general-purpose programming languages, without a native cryptocurrency. Fabric introduces a novel blockchain design that addresses non-determinism, resource exhaustion, and performance attacks. This paper describes Fabric's architecture, design rationale, implementation aspects, and distributed application programming model. It evaluates Fabric by implementing and benchmarking a Bitcoin-inspired digital currency, achieving end-to-end throughput of over 3500 transactions per second with sub-second latency and scaling to over 100 peers. **Introduction:** The paper defines blockchain as an immutable ledger for recording transactions within a distributed network of untrusting peers. It discusses the differences between public and permissioned blockchains, emphasizing the need for flexible trust models in permissioned systems. The paper critiques the traditional order-execute architecture, highlighting its limitations such as sequential execution, non-deterministic code, and lack of confidentiality. It introduces Fabric's execute-order-validate paradigm, which separates transaction execution, ordering, and validation phases, enhancing resilience, flexibility, scalability, and confidentiality. **Background:** The paper reviews the order-execute architecture and its limitations, including sequential execution, non-deterministic code, and fixed trust models. It discusses the challenges of non-deterministic transactions and the need for flexible trust assumptions in permissioned systems. **Architecture:** Fabric's architecture is described, including the execution, ordering, and validation phases. It emphasizes the separation of concerns, modular consensus protocols, and the use of a membership service provider (MSP) for identity management. The paper also details the components of a Fabric peer, such as the ledger, transaction manager, and gossip service. **Evaluation:** The paper evaluates Fabric's performance through a Bitcoin-inspired cryptocurrency implementation, demonstrating high throughput, low latency, and scalability. It discusses real-world use cases and related work, highlighting Fabric's advantages over existing blockchain platforms.