The article discusses the interplay between hypoxia and inflammation, highlighting how these two processes are interconnected at molecular, cellular, and clinical levels. Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, can induce inflammation, and inflammation can lead to tissue hypoxia. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway plays a crucial role in this interaction by regulating gene expression in response to oxygen levels. HIF is activated in hypoxic conditions and can influence immune responses, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the regulation of immune cell functions. Inflammation, on the other hand, can also stabilize HIF, leading to the activation of HIF-dependent genes. This feedback loop is observed in various conditions such as mountain sickness, ischemic injuries, and inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. The article also explores the role of adenosine, a signaling molecule produced under hypoxic conditions, in modulating immune responses and protecting tissues. Finally, the article discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting the HIF pathway to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer.The article discusses the interplay between hypoxia and inflammation, highlighting how these two processes are interconnected at molecular, cellular, and clinical levels. Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, can induce inflammation, and inflammation can lead to tissue hypoxia. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway plays a crucial role in this interaction by regulating gene expression in response to oxygen levels. HIF is activated in hypoxic conditions and can influence immune responses, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the regulation of immune cell functions. Inflammation, on the other hand, can also stabilize HIF, leading to the activation of HIF-dependent genes. This feedback loop is observed in various conditions such as mountain sickness, ischemic injuries, and inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. The article also explores the role of adenosine, a signaling molecule produced under hypoxic conditions, in modulating immune responses and protecting tissues. Finally, the article discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting the HIF pathway to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer.