The article reviews the immunological aspects of conventional cancer treatments, emphasizing the crucial role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the immunogenicity of cell death induced by cytotoxic agents, which are increasingly being recognized as important factors in cancer treatment. The authors propose that future advancements in cancer therapy will likely involve the integration of chemotherapy with immunotherapy to enhance the immune response against residual tumor cells. They discuss the immunosuppressive side effects of various chemotherapeutic agents, such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and glucocorticoids, and explore how these agents can be used strategically to stimulate the immune system. The article also examines the theoretical bases for the antagonistic effects of therapeutic procedures on the immune response, including the role of DNA damage and the induction of tolerance. Additionally, it reviews the immunogenicity of different cell-death modalities, such as apoptosis and necrosis, and the potential of certain drugs like anthracyclines and taxanes to elicit immunogenic cell death. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need to integrate host and tumor parameters to optimize disease management and the potential of combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy to achieve better outcomes in cancer treatment.The article reviews the immunological aspects of conventional cancer treatments, emphasizing the crucial role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the immunogenicity of cell death induced by cytotoxic agents, which are increasingly being recognized as important factors in cancer treatment. The authors propose that future advancements in cancer therapy will likely involve the integration of chemotherapy with immunotherapy to enhance the immune response against residual tumor cells. They discuss the immunosuppressive side effects of various chemotherapeutic agents, such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and glucocorticoids, and explore how these agents can be used strategically to stimulate the immune system. The article also examines the theoretical bases for the antagonistic effects of therapeutic procedures on the immune response, including the role of DNA damage and the induction of tolerance. Additionally, it reviews the immunogenicity of different cell-death modalities, such as apoptosis and necrosis, and the potential of certain drugs like anthracyclines and taxanes to elicit immunogenic cell death. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need to integrate host and tumor parameters to optimize disease management and the potential of combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy to achieve better outcomes in cancer treatment.