The article reviews the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, focusing on the various scales at which these effects operate, from individual to biome levels. It highlights that species can respond to climate change by shifting their climatic niche along three axes: time (phenology), space (range), and self (physiology). The authors discuss the specificities and limitations of common approaches used to estimate future biodiversity, emphasizing the variability in results due to methodological, taxonomic, and spatial and temporal factors. They also outline the challenges for future research, including the need to improve models, consider co-extinctions, and integrate multiple approaches. The review concludes with a call for more comprehensive and realistic models to better predict and manage the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, suggesting that current models may underestimize or overestimate risks.The article reviews the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, focusing on the various scales at which these effects operate, from individual to biome levels. It highlights that species can respond to climate change by shifting their climatic niche along three axes: time (phenology), space (range), and self (physiology). The authors discuss the specificities and limitations of common approaches used to estimate future biodiversity, emphasizing the variability in results due to methodological, taxonomic, and spatial and temporal factors. They also outline the challenges for future research, including the need to improve models, consider co-extinctions, and integrate multiple approaches. The review concludes with a call for more comprehensive and realistic models to better predict and manage the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, suggesting that current models may underestimize or overestimate risks.