Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic gastrointestinal disorders with multifactorial etiology. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in IBD, with intestinal dysbiosis being a significant risk factor. Research indicates that genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors influence the modulation of intestinal microflora, which in turn affects immune responses and the development of IBD. TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells treat bacterial antigens as pathogens, disrupting the immune response and leading to inflammation. Probiotic therapy has shown promise in managing IBD, with meta-analyses suggesting that specific probiotic strains, such as *Saccharomyces boulardii*, *Escherichia coli Nissle 1917*, and multi-strain formulations like VSL#3, can effectively induce and maintain remission in UC patients. Prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and arabinogalactan, also play a role in enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria and improving gut health. However, more human studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in IBD. The combination of probiotic therapy with standard pharmacotherapy appears to be the most effective approach, particularly for UC patients.Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic gastrointestinal disorders with multifactorial etiology. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in IBD, with intestinal dysbiosis being a significant risk factor. Research indicates that genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors influence the modulation of intestinal microflora, which in turn affects immune responses and the development of IBD. TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells treat bacterial antigens as pathogens, disrupting the immune response and leading to inflammation. Probiotic therapy has shown promise in managing IBD, with meta-analyses suggesting that specific probiotic strains, such as *Saccharomyces boulardii*, *Escherichia coli Nissle 1917*, and multi-strain formulations like VSL#3, can effectively induce and maintain remission in UC patients. Prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and arabinogalactan, also play a role in enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria and improving gut health. However, more human studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in IBD. The combination of probiotic therapy with standard pharmacotherapy appears to be the most effective approach, particularly for UC patients.