The supplementary materials for the article "Increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth" provide a comprehensive set of figures and tables supporting the main findings. These materials include: 1. **Fig. S1**: Five-year moving average of Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) with linear fits before and after turning point years, showing significant changes in VPD trends. 2. **Fig. S2**: Spatial distributions of VPD trend differences before and after turning point years, indicating higher VPD trends after these years. 3. **Fig. S3**: Spatial pattern of VPD changes between 1982-1986 and 2011-2015, derived from the CRU dataset. 4. **Fig. S4**: Interannual variability of SVP, AVP, and air temperature, showing significant trends before and after turning point years. 5. **Fig. S5**: Global mean Leaf Area Index (LAI) and linear trends from 1982 to 2015, with significant changes after the turning point. 6. **Fig. S6**: Differences in LAI trends over globally vegetated areas before and after turning point years. 7. **Fig. S7**: Model validation of random forest models for simulating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). 8. **Fig. S8**: Environmental regulations on long-term changes in global NDVI, showing sensitivity to climate variables and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. 9. **Fig. S9**: Correlations of Leaf Area Ratio (LUE) and VPD at different temperature ranges. 10. **Fig. S10**: Correlations between VPD and tree-ring width, showing significant relationships. 11. **Fig. S11**: Comparison of global mean Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) trends simulated by ecosystem models. 12. **Fig. S12**: Projected future changes in VPD under the RCP4.5 emissions scenario. 13. **Fig. S13**: Validation of the EC-LUE model, comparing estimated GPP with eddy covariance measurements. 14. **Table S1**: Climate and satellite datasets used in the study. 15. **Table S2**: Responses of GPP simulated by different models to climate variables, satellite-based vegetation indices, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. 16. **Table S3**: Details of the study ecosystem sites used for model calibration and validation. 17. **Table S4**: Correlations between VPD and LUE at different temperature ranges. 18. **Table S5**: CMIP5 models used to estimate VPD from 1850 to 2100. 19. **Table S6**: Correlation matrixes for global VPD simulated by CMIP5 ESMs and historical datasets. 20. **Table S7**: Model parameters of EC-LUE forThe supplementary materials for the article "Increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth" provide a comprehensive set of figures and tables supporting the main findings. These materials include: 1. **Fig. S1**: Five-year moving average of Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) with linear fits before and after turning point years, showing significant changes in VPD trends. 2. **Fig. S2**: Spatial distributions of VPD trend differences before and after turning point years, indicating higher VPD trends after these years. 3. **Fig. S3**: Spatial pattern of VPD changes between 1982-1986 and 2011-2015, derived from the CRU dataset. 4. **Fig. S4**: Interannual variability of SVP, AVP, and air temperature, showing significant trends before and after turning point years. 5. **Fig. S5**: Global mean Leaf Area Index (LAI) and linear trends from 1982 to 2015, with significant changes after the turning point. 6. **Fig. S6**: Differences in LAI trends over globally vegetated areas before and after turning point years. 7. **Fig. S7**: Model validation of random forest models for simulating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). 8. **Fig. S8**: Environmental regulations on long-term changes in global NDVI, showing sensitivity to climate variables and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. 9. **Fig. S9**: Correlations of Leaf Area Ratio (LUE) and VPD at different temperature ranges. 10. **Fig. S10**: Correlations between VPD and tree-ring width, showing significant relationships. 11. **Fig. S11**: Comparison of global mean Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) trends simulated by ecosystem models. 12. **Fig. S12**: Projected future changes in VPD under the RCP4.5 emissions scenario. 13. **Fig. S13**: Validation of the EC-LUE model, comparing estimated GPP with eddy covariance measurements. 14. **Table S1**: Climate and satellite datasets used in the study. 15. **Table S2**: Responses of GPP simulated by different models to climate variables, satellite-based vegetation indices, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. 16. **Table S3**: Details of the study ecosystem sites used for model calibration and validation. 17. **Table S4**: Correlations between VPD and LUE at different temperature ranges. 18. **Table S5**: CMIP5 models used to estimate VPD from 1850 to 2100. 19. **Table S6**: Correlation matrixes for global VPD simulated by CMIP5 ESMs and historical datasets. 20. **Table S7**: Model parameters of EC-LUE for