This book, edited by Frank Pyke, Giacomo Becattini, and Werner Sengenberger, is a product of research on industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, conducted under the "New Industrial Organisation" program of the International Institute for Labour Studies (IILS). The book compiles contributions from scholars worldwide, focusing on the industrial districts of North Central and North-Eastern Italy, which are widely recognized as strong examples of the phenomenon. The authors explore the characteristics, history, and dynamics of these districts, highlighting their resilience and economic efficiency despite global economic challenges. Key themes include the role of small firms, flexible specialization, inter-firm cooperation, and the importance of social and institutional factors. The book also discusses policy implications, the challenges faced by industrial districts, and the potential for replication or adaptation in other contexts. It emphasizes the need for understanding the unique conditions and functions that enable the success of these districts, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.This book, edited by Frank Pyke, Giacomo Becattini, and Werner Sengenberger, is a product of research on industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, conducted under the "New Industrial Organisation" program of the International Institute for Labour Studies (IILS). The book compiles contributions from scholars worldwide, focusing on the industrial districts of North Central and North-Eastern Italy, which are widely recognized as strong examples of the phenomenon. The authors explore the characteristics, history, and dynamics of these districts, highlighting their resilience and economic efficiency despite global economic challenges. Key themes include the role of small firms, flexible specialization, inter-firm cooperation, and the importance of social and institutional factors. The book also discusses policy implications, the challenges faced by industrial districts, and the potential for replication or adaptation in other contexts. It emphasizes the need for understanding the unique conditions and functions that enable the success of these districts, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.