The article discusses the impact of global changes on the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. It highlights that in the 21st century, severe infectious disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 pandemic, have had a significant impact on global health. These outbreaks have spread across borders, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. At the same time, technological, demographic, and climatic changes have increased the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. The article reviews how recent anthropogenic climatic, demographic, and technological changes have altered the landscape of infectious disease risk in the past two decades. It discusses how climate change, demographic changes, and technological advances have affected the emergence, dynamics, and spread of infectious diseases. The article also highlights the role of global connectivity in the rapid spread of pathogens. It discusses how changes in human populations, such as urbanization and aging, have altered the risk of spillover of pathogens from animals to humans. The article also examines how changes in climate and human behavior have affected the spread of vector-borne diseases. It concludes that a new era of infectious disease is emerging, characterized by outbreaks of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pathogens that spread quickly due to global connectivity and climate change. The article emphasizes the need for improved surveillance, monitoring, and response to infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. It also highlights the importance of addressing global changes in order to mitigate the risk of future infectious disease outbreaks.The article discusses the impact of global changes on the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. It highlights that in the 21st century, severe infectious disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 pandemic, have had a significant impact on global health. These outbreaks have spread across borders, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. At the same time, technological, demographic, and climatic changes have increased the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. The article reviews how recent anthropogenic climatic, demographic, and technological changes have altered the landscape of infectious disease risk in the past two decades. It discusses how climate change, demographic changes, and technological advances have affected the emergence, dynamics, and spread of infectious diseases. The article also highlights the role of global connectivity in the rapid spread of pathogens. It discusses how changes in human populations, such as urbanization and aging, have altered the risk of spillover of pathogens from animals to humans. The article also examines how changes in climate and human behavior have affected the spread of vector-borne diseases. It concludes that a new era of infectious disease is emerging, characterized by outbreaks of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pathogens that spread quickly due to global connectivity and climate change. The article emphasizes the need for improved surveillance, monitoring, and response to infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. It also highlights the importance of addressing global changes in order to mitigate the risk of future infectious disease outbreaks.