The article by Luigi Ferrucci and Elisa Fabbri discusses the concept of inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels of blood inflammatory markers in older individuals. Inflammageing is associated with a high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability, frailty, and premature death. The authors explore potential mechanisms of inflammageing, including genetic susceptibility, central obesity, increased gut permeability, changes in gut microbiota composition, cellular senescence, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, oxidative stress, immune cell dysregulation, and chronic infections. They highlight that inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other age-related chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia. The article reviews the evidence from intervention studies aimed at modulating inflammation in different diseases and examines the role of inflammation in conditions typical of ageing, such as multimorbidity, sarcopenia, and frailty. The authors also identify gaps in our knowledge and suggest priorities for future research, emphasizing the need for individualized approaches to reduce inflammation without compromising the immune system's surveillance and defensive functions.The article by Luigi Ferrucci and Elisa Fabbri discusses the concept of inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels of blood inflammatory markers in older individuals. Inflammageing is associated with a high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability, frailty, and premature death. The authors explore potential mechanisms of inflammageing, including genetic susceptibility, central obesity, increased gut permeability, changes in gut microbiota composition, cellular senescence, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, oxidative stress, immune cell dysregulation, and chronic infections. They highlight that inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other age-related chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia. The article reviews the evidence from intervention studies aimed at modulating inflammation in different diseases and examines the role of inflammation in conditions typical of ageing, such as multimorbidity, sarcopenia, and frailty. The authors also identify gaps in our knowledge and suggest priorities for future research, emphasizing the need for individualized approaches to reduce inflammation without compromising the immune system's surveillance and defensive functions.