The brain processes information through synergistic, redundant, and unique components, which are essential for cognition. Information decomposition techniques allow the separation of these components, revealing how they contribute to brain function and neural organization. Synergy enables efficient processing by combining information from multiple sources, while redundancy ensures robustness by providing multiple pathways for information transmission. These components are distributed across the brain, with synergy dominating in higher-order regions and redundancy in primary sensory and motor areas. Evolutionary changes have increased synergy in humans, particularly in association cortices, which are crucial for complex cognition. Computational studies show that synergy and redundancy are linked to cognitive abilities, with synergy being more critical for flexible, adaptive behavior. Information decomposition helps clarify the brain's informational architecture by distinguishing between these components, which is vital for understanding both normal and pathological brain function. The balance between synergy and redundancy is influenced by structural connectivity, neuromodulation, and developmental processes. Future research aims to integrate these concepts across different scales and modalities to better understand brain function and dysfunction.The brain processes information through synergistic, redundant, and unique components, which are essential for cognition. Information decomposition techniques allow the separation of these components, revealing how they contribute to brain function and neural organization. Synergy enables efficient processing by combining information from multiple sources, while redundancy ensures robustness by providing multiple pathways for information transmission. These components are distributed across the brain, with synergy dominating in higher-order regions and redundancy in primary sensory and motor areas. Evolutionary changes have increased synergy in humans, particularly in association cortices, which are crucial for complex cognition. Computational studies show that synergy and redundancy are linked to cognitive abilities, with synergy being more critical for flexible, adaptive behavior. Information decomposition helps clarify the brain's informational architecture by distinguishing between these components, which is vital for understanding both normal and pathological brain function. The balance between synergy and redundancy is influenced by structural connectivity, neuromodulation, and developmental processes. Future research aims to integrate these concepts across different scales and modalities to better understand brain function and dysfunction.