The innate immune system plays a crucial role in detecting and responding to viral infections. Three main classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are involved in this process: retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). RLRs and TLRs are essential for the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines, while NLRs regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) maturation through caspase-1 activation. RLRs, particularly RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), recognize viral RNAs, with RIG-I detecting short dsRNA and MDA5 recognizing longer dsRNA. TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, recognize viral nucleic acids in the cytoplasm or endosomes/lysosomes. The signaling pathways initiated by these receptors lead to the activation of transcription factors like IRF-3 and NF-κB, resulting in the production of IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the inflammasome, involving NALP3, ICE-protease-activating factor (IPAF), and caspase-1, processes pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β. The activation of adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, is also influenced by these innate receptors. Overall, the innate immune system's recognition and response to viral infections are critical for mounting effective adaptive immune responses.The innate immune system plays a crucial role in detecting and responding to viral infections. Three main classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are involved in this process: retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). RLRs and TLRs are essential for the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines, while NLRs regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) maturation through caspase-1 activation. RLRs, particularly RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), recognize viral RNAs, with RIG-I detecting short dsRNA and MDA5 recognizing longer dsRNA. TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, recognize viral nucleic acids in the cytoplasm or endosomes/lysosomes. The signaling pathways initiated by these receptors lead to the activation of transcription factors like IRF-3 and NF-κB, resulting in the production of IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the inflammasome, involving NALP3, ICE-protease-activating factor (IPAF), and caspase-1, processes pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β. The activation of adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, is also influenced by these innate receptors. Overall, the innate immune system's recognition and response to viral infections are critical for mounting effective adaptive immune responses.