This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance in cancer, focusing on three primary chemotherapeutic agents: docetaxel, carboplatin, and doxorubicin. The authors discuss the transcriptional regulations, proteomic changes, and metabolic reprogramming that occur in response to these drugs, highlighting their contributions to drug resistance. Key molecular targets and pathways involved in chemotherapy resistance, such as the BAX/BCL2 ratio, choline metabolism, and the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), are explored. The review also emphasizes the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop more effective and personalized cancer treatments, including combination therapies and targeted nanomaterials. The authors conclude by outlining the need for further research to optimize the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance in cancer, focusing on three primary chemotherapeutic agents: docetaxel, carboplatin, and doxorubicin. The authors discuss the transcriptional regulations, proteomic changes, and metabolic reprogramming that occur in response to these drugs, highlighting their contributions to drug resistance. Key molecular targets and pathways involved in chemotherapy resistance, such as the BAX/BCL2 ratio, choline metabolism, and the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), are explored. The review also emphasizes the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop more effective and personalized cancer treatments, including combination therapies and targeted nanomaterials. The authors conclude by outlining the need for further research to optimize the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.