Nanoparticles (NPs) interact with proteins, forming a dynamic nanoparticle-protein corona (NP-PC) that influences their bio-reactivity. This interaction affects cellular uptake, inflammation, accumulation, and clearance of NPs. The NP-PC is composed of proteins that adsorb onto the NP surface, and its composition depends on factors such as NP characteristics, protein types, and the surrounding medium. The NP-PC can alter the structure and function of adsorbed proteins, which in turn affects the NP's biological activity. Proteins can undergo conformational changes upon NP interaction, leading to structural modifications that may influence downstream biological processes, including immune responses and enzyme activity. The NP surface can also induce irreversible changes in protein structure, affecting their function and potentially triggering immune responses. The NP-PC plays a crucial role in determining the fate of NPs within biological systems, influencing their uptake, distribution, and interaction with cells. The composition of the NP-PC is influenced by factors such as NP size, surface chemistry, and the presence of specific proteins. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing biocompatible nanomaterials with controlled surface properties. The NP-PC can also affect the cellular uptake of NPs, with factors such as NP size, surface charge, and the presence of specific proteins influencing the uptake mechanism. The NP-PC can either facilitate or inhibit NP uptake by altering the structure of adsorbed proteins, which in turn affects their interaction with cell receptors. The NP-PC is a critical factor in determining the biological reactivity of NPs, and understanding its dynamics is essential for the safe and effective use of nanomaterials in biomedical applications.Nanoparticles (NPs) interact with proteins, forming a dynamic nanoparticle-protein corona (NP-PC) that influences their bio-reactivity. This interaction affects cellular uptake, inflammation, accumulation, and clearance of NPs. The NP-PC is composed of proteins that adsorb onto the NP surface, and its composition depends on factors such as NP characteristics, protein types, and the surrounding medium. The NP-PC can alter the structure and function of adsorbed proteins, which in turn affects the NP's biological activity. Proteins can undergo conformational changes upon NP interaction, leading to structural modifications that may influence downstream biological processes, including immune responses and enzyme activity. The NP surface can also induce irreversible changes in protein structure, affecting their function and potentially triggering immune responses. The NP-PC plays a crucial role in determining the fate of NPs within biological systems, influencing their uptake, distribution, and interaction with cells. The composition of the NP-PC is influenced by factors such as NP size, surface chemistry, and the presence of specific proteins. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing biocompatible nanomaterials with controlled surface properties. The NP-PC can also affect the cellular uptake of NPs, with factors such as NP size, surface charge, and the presence of specific proteins influencing the uptake mechanism. The NP-PC can either facilitate or inhibit NP uptake by altering the structure of adsorbed proteins, which in turn affects their interaction with cell receptors. The NP-PC is a critical factor in determining the biological reactivity of NPs, and understanding its dynamics is essential for the safe and effective use of nanomaterials in biomedical applications.