The article reviews the interactions between electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and biological systems, highlighting both consensus and controversies in the field. It discusses the challenges in understanding the bioeffects of EMR, particularly the thermal effects and the limited frequency range studied. The review covers epidemiological investigations, animal experiments, in vitro cellular and biochemical experiments, dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. Key findings include the impact of EMR on physiological processes, spermatogenesis, blood-brain barrier, nervous system, and tumorigenesis in humans and animals. The article also explores the effects of static electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency EMR, and radio frequency (RF) EMR on various biological systems. Challenges in animal experiments, cell systems, and biochemical experiments are discussed, emphasizing the need for careful experimental design and control of variables. The review concludes by addressing the detection of EMR emitted by biological systems and the limitations of current theoretical models in explaining the bioeffects of EMR.The article reviews the interactions between electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and biological systems, highlighting both consensus and controversies in the field. It discusses the challenges in understanding the bioeffects of EMR, particularly the thermal effects and the limited frequency range studied. The review covers epidemiological investigations, animal experiments, in vitro cellular and biochemical experiments, dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. Key findings include the impact of EMR on physiological processes, spermatogenesis, blood-brain barrier, nervous system, and tumorigenesis in humans and animals. The article also explores the effects of static electric and magnetic fields, low-frequency EMR, and radio frequency (RF) EMR on various biological systems. Challenges in animal experiments, cell systems, and biochemical experiments are discussed, emphasizing the need for careful experimental design and control of variables. The review concludes by addressing the detection of EMR emitted by biological systems and the limitations of current theoretical models in explaining the bioeffects of EMR.