Summary: This review discusses the current understanding of the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on biological systems, highlighting the controversies, limitations, and unresolved issues. While extensive research has been conducted on the effects of EMR on humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions, many aspects remain unclear. The review summarizes the consensus, controversies, and challenges in understanding the mechanisms of EMR interactions with biological systems. The review highlights that the effects of EMR on humans are often studied through epidemiological investigations, which have shown that exposure to EMR can lead to various physiological and pathological effects, including changes in sleep patterns, reduced sperm motility, and altered brain activity. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood, and the thermal effects of EMR are often not properly controlled or considered in studies. Animal experiments have also been conducted to investigate the effects of EMR on biological systems. These studies have shown that EMR can affect the behavior, development, and physiology of various animals, including planarians, C. elegans, and birds. However, the results are often inconsistent, and the mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. In vitro experiments on cellular systems have shown that EMR can affect the growth, viability, and function of cells, including bacteria and yeast. These studies have also shown that EMR can influence the expression of genes and the activity of enzymes. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood, and the results are often inconsistent. Biochemical experiments have been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of EMR interactions with biological systems. These studies have shown that EMR can affect the structure and function of proteins, the expression of genes, and the activity of enzymes. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood, and the results are often inconsistent. Dielectric spectroscopy has been used to study the interactions between EMR and biological systems. This technique measures the complex permittivity of a substance, which can provide information about the interactions between the substance and EMR. However, the results are often inconsistent, and the mechanisms of these interactions are not well understood. The detection of EMR emitted by biological systems has also been studied. These studies have shown that some biological systems can emit EMR, but the sources of these signals are not well understood. Theoretical models, such as the ion cyclotron resonance model and the radical pair model, have been proposed to explain the bioeffects of EMR. However, these models are limited in their applicability and have not been fully validated. Overall, the review highlights the need for further research to better understand the bioeffects of EMR on biological systems. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood, and the results of studies are often inconsistent. The review emphasizes the importance of further investigations to address the unresolved questions and to better understand the interactions between EMR and biological systems.Summary: This review discusses the current understanding of the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on biological systems, highlighting the controversies, limitations, and unresolved issues. While extensive research has been conducted on the effects of EMR on humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions, many aspects remain unclear. The review summarizes the consensus, controversies, and challenges in understanding the mechanisms of EMR interactions with biological systems. The review highlights that the effects of EMR on humans are often studied through epidemiological investigations, which have shown that exposure to EMR can lead to various physiological and pathological effects, including changes in sleep patterns, reduced sperm motility, and altered brain activity. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood, and the thermal effects of EMR are often not properly controlled or considered in studies. Animal experiments have also been conducted to investigate the effects of EMR on biological systems. These studies have shown that EMR can affect the behavior, development, and physiology of various animals, including planarians, C. elegans, and birds. However, the results are often inconsistent, and the mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. In vitro experiments on cellular systems have shown that EMR can affect the growth, viability, and function of cells, including bacteria and yeast. These studies have also shown that EMR can influence the expression of genes and the activity of enzymes. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood, and the results are often inconsistent. Biochemical experiments have been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of EMR interactions with biological systems. These studies have shown that EMR can affect the structure and function of proteins, the expression of genes, and the activity of enzymes. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood, and the results are often inconsistent. Dielectric spectroscopy has been used to study the interactions between EMR and biological systems. This technique measures the complex permittivity of a substance, which can provide information about the interactions between the substance and EMR. However, the results are often inconsistent, and the mechanisms of these interactions are not well understood. The detection of EMR emitted by biological systems has also been studied. These studies have shown that some biological systems can emit EMR, but the sources of these signals are not well understood. Theoretical models, such as the ion cyclotron resonance model and the radical pair model, have been proposed to explain the bioeffects of EMR. However, these models are limited in their applicability and have not been fully validated. Overall, the review highlights the need for further research to better understand the bioeffects of EMR on biological systems. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood, and the results of studies are often inconsistent. The review emphasizes the importance of further investigations to address the unresolved questions and to better understand the interactions between EMR and biological systems.