The article "Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases" by Alaina Pfenning-Butterworth et al. highlights the interconnectedness of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases as three major global pressures that are driving unprecedented planetary crises. The authors emphasize that while recent intergovernmental reports have drawn attention to these crises, the interactions among them have been largely overlooked. They define and illustrate causal pathways linking these pressures, noting that while some mechanisms are better understood than others, the research on pairwise interactions is growing. The article discusses the challenges in studying these interactions, including scale mismatches, data availability, and methodological differences, and calls for interdisciplinary collaboration and expanded research cultures to integrate animal, human, and environmental perspectives. The authors argue that considering all three pressures together is essential for identifying effective management solutions and avoiding ecological surprises. They provide case studies to illustrate the complex dynamics and feedback loops between climate change, biodiversity, and infectious diseases, and identify key research questions to advance understanding and policy at this interface. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgency for global action and the need for coordinated efforts in science and policy to address these interconnected challenges.The article "Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases" by Alaina Pfenning-Butterworth et al. highlights the interconnectedness of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases as three major global pressures that are driving unprecedented planetary crises. The authors emphasize that while recent intergovernmental reports have drawn attention to these crises, the interactions among them have been largely overlooked. They define and illustrate causal pathways linking these pressures, noting that while some mechanisms are better understood than others, the research on pairwise interactions is growing. The article discusses the challenges in studying these interactions, including scale mismatches, data availability, and methodological differences, and calls for interdisciplinary collaboration and expanded research cultures to integrate animal, human, and environmental perspectives. The authors argue that considering all three pressures together is essential for identifying effective management solutions and avoiding ecological surprises. They provide case studies to illustrate the complex dynamics and feedback loops between climate change, biodiversity, and infectious diseases, and identify key research questions to advance understanding and policy at this interface. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgency for global action and the need for coordinated efforts in science and policy to address these interconnected challenges.