The article reviews the integration of single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures, highlighting the progress in quantum optics and quantum information processing. It discusses the theoretical framework of photon emission, including dephasing processes, and applies it to various photonic nanostructures such as photonic crystals, cavities, and waveguides. The review covers the growth and structural properties of semiconductor quantum dots, the optical properties of these dots, and the transition matrix element, which is crucial for understanding the interaction between light and matter. The article also explores multiexcitonic states, such as trions and biexcitons, and their relevance in quantum optics experiments. Additionally, it examines the dynamics of quantum dots, including decay processes and the role of spin-flip and non-radiative processes. The review concludes by discussing the potential applications of these systems in quantum information processing, emphasizing the importance of scalable quantum networks and the challenges in achieving efficient light-matter interfaces.The article reviews the integration of single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures, highlighting the progress in quantum optics and quantum information processing. It discusses the theoretical framework of photon emission, including dephasing processes, and applies it to various photonic nanostructures such as photonic crystals, cavities, and waveguides. The review covers the growth and structural properties of semiconductor quantum dots, the optical properties of these dots, and the transition matrix element, which is crucial for understanding the interaction between light and matter. The article also explores multiexcitonic states, such as trions and biexcitons, and their relevance in quantum optics experiments. Additionally, it examines the dynamics of quantum dots, including decay processes and the role of spin-flip and non-radiative processes. The review concludes by discussing the potential applications of these systems in quantum information processing, emphasizing the importance of scalable quantum networks and the challenges in achieving efficient light-matter interfaces.