The article by Anil K. Seth explores the concept of interoceptive inference, which views emotions as arising from active inference of the causes of interoceptive afferents. This perspective generalizes traditional 'appraisal' theories that link emotions to cognitive evaluations of physiological changes. The model suggests that emotional content is generated by top-down inference of interoceptive signals within a predictive coding framework, emphasizing the role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) as a comparator. This view extends previous models of the insular cortex, which support error-based learning and response to interoceptive mismatches, to include a broader understanding of self-representation and body ownership. The article also discusses the implications of interoceptive inference for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and psychosis, and highlights the importance of multisensory integration in shaping emotional experiences and body ownership.The article by Anil K. Seth explores the concept of interoceptive inference, which views emotions as arising from active inference of the causes of interoceptive afferents. This perspective generalizes traditional 'appraisal' theories that link emotions to cognitive evaluations of physiological changes. The model suggests that emotional content is generated by top-down inference of interoceptive signals within a predictive coding framework, emphasizing the role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) as a comparator. This view extends previous models of the insular cortex, which support error-based learning and response to interoceptive mismatches, to include a broader understanding of self-representation and body ownership. The article also discusses the implications of interoceptive inference for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and psychosis, and highlights the importance of multisensory integration in shaping emotional experiences and body ownership.