Innate immune responses rely on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbial pathogens and trigger immune responses. PRRs recognize conserved molecular patterns on pathogens, such as peptidoglycan, and initiate signaling cascades that lead to the production of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Two major families of PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). TLRs are transmembrane proteins that detect extracellular pathogens, while NLRs are cytoplasmic sensors that detect intracellular pathogens. NLRs include NOD-like receptors (NODs) and NALP-like receptors (NALPs), which are involved in the activation of inflammatory caspases and the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. The NALP3 inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune response, activated by bacterial components and host-derived danger signals. NLRs also play a role in the recognition of viral pathogens, with RIG-like helicases (RLHs) such as RIG-I and MDA5 detecting viral RNA and triggering antiviral responses. The study of these receptors has provided insights into the mechanisms of innate immunity and has led to the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. The identification of mutations in NLRs and RLHs has also highlighted their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including Crohn's disease and autoinflammatory disorders. Understanding the signaling mechanisms of these receptors is crucial for the development of new therapies for immune-related diseases.Innate immune responses rely on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbial pathogens and trigger immune responses. PRRs recognize conserved molecular patterns on pathogens, such as peptidoglycan, and initiate signaling cascades that lead to the production of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Two major families of PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). TLRs are transmembrane proteins that detect extracellular pathogens, while NLRs are cytoplasmic sensors that detect intracellular pathogens. NLRs include NOD-like receptors (NODs) and NALP-like receptors (NALPs), which are involved in the activation of inflammatory caspases and the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. The NALP3 inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune response, activated by bacterial components and host-derived danger signals. NLRs also play a role in the recognition of viral pathogens, with RIG-like helicases (RLHs) such as RIG-I and MDA5 detecting viral RNA and triggering antiviral responses. The study of these receptors has provided insights into the mechanisms of innate immunity and has led to the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. The identification of mutations in NLRs and RLHs has also highlighted their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including Crohn's disease and autoinflammatory disorders. Understanding the signaling mechanisms of these receptors is crucial for the development of new therapies for immune-related diseases.