Ionically annealed zwitterionic microgels for bioprinting of cartilaginous constructs

Ionically annealed zwitterionic microgels for bioprinting of cartilaginous constructs

16 January 2024 | Frantisek Surman, Maryam Asadikorayem, Patrick Weber, Daniel Weber and Marcy Zenobi-Wong
This paper presents a novel method for producing zwitterionic microgel bioink using alginate methacrylate (AlgMA) as a crosslinker and mechanical fragmentation as a microgel fabrication method. The zwitterionic microgels are made by photocrosslinking carboxybetaline acrylamide (CBAA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) monomers, which are then mechanically fragmented through meshes with aperture diameters of 50 and 90 μm to produce microgel bioink. The bioinks show excellent rheological properties and are used for high-resolution printing of objects with overhanging features without requiring a support structure or support bath. The AlgMA crosslinker allows for both primary photocrosslinking of the bulk hydrogel and secondary ionic crosslinking of the produced microgels, stabilizing the printed construct in a calcium bath and creating a microporous scaffold. The scaffolds exhibit ~20% porosity and support viability and chondrogenesis of encapsulated human primary chondrocytes. A meniscus model is bioprinted to demonstrate the versatility of the bioink for printing large, cell-laden constructs that are stable for further in vitro culture to promote cartilaginous tissue production. This scalable strategy of producing zwitterionic microgel bioink for high-resolution extrusion bioprinting allows for direct cell encapsulation in a microporous scaffold and has potential for in vivo biocompatibility due to the zwitterionic nature of the bioink.This paper presents a novel method for producing zwitterionic microgel bioink using alginate methacrylate (AlgMA) as a crosslinker and mechanical fragmentation as a microgel fabrication method. The zwitterionic microgels are made by photocrosslinking carboxybetaline acrylamide (CBAA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) monomers, which are then mechanically fragmented through meshes with aperture diameters of 50 and 90 μm to produce microgel bioink. The bioinks show excellent rheological properties and are used for high-resolution printing of objects with overhanging features without requiring a support structure or support bath. The AlgMA crosslinker allows for both primary photocrosslinking of the bulk hydrogel and secondary ionic crosslinking of the produced microgels, stabilizing the printed construct in a calcium bath and creating a microporous scaffold. The scaffolds exhibit ~20% porosity and support viability and chondrogenesis of encapsulated human primary chondrocytes. A meniscus model is bioprinted to demonstrate the versatility of the bioink for printing large, cell-laden constructs that are stable for further in vitro culture to promote cartilaginous tissue production. This scalable strategy of producing zwitterionic microgel bioink for high-resolution extrusion bioprinting allows for direct cell encapsulation in a microporous scaffold and has potential for in vivo biocompatibility due to the zwitterionic nature of the bioink.
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[slides and audio] Ionically annealed zwitterionic microgels for bioprinting of cartilaginous constructs