This article is the second half of the English edition of the 12th Edition of the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, published by the Japan Esophageal Society in 2022. It covers various aspects of esophageal cancer, including terminology, pathological findings, esophagogastric junction and Barrett's esophagus, treatment options, and response evaluation criteria for radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The classification provides detailed descriptions of different types of tumors, surgical procedures, endoscopic treatments, and radiotherapy techniques. Key topics include: 1. **Terminology of Lymph Nodes**: Definitions and general rules for lymph node terminology. 2. **Pathological Findings**: Detailed descriptions of benign and malignant epithelial neoplasia, non-epithelial tumors, and other malignant tumors. 3. **Esophagogastric Junction and Barrett’s Esophagus**: Definitions, endoscopic findings, and histological types of Barrett’s esophagus. 4. **Treatment**: Overview of endoscopic treatments (endoscopic resection, argon plasma coagulation, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, microwave coagulation therapy), surgical treatments (resection and reconstruction procedures, conservative/palliative procedures), stenting, balloon dilatation, and common issues in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 5. **Response Evaluation Criteria**: Criteria for evaluating response to treatment, including complete response, partial response, progressive disease, and stable disease. The article aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of esophageal cancer, emphasizing the importance of accurate pathological findings and standardized response evaluation criteria.This article is the second half of the English edition of the 12th Edition of the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, published by the Japan Esophageal Society in 2022. It covers various aspects of esophageal cancer, including terminology, pathological findings, esophagogastric junction and Barrett's esophagus, treatment options, and response evaluation criteria for radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The classification provides detailed descriptions of different types of tumors, surgical procedures, endoscopic treatments, and radiotherapy techniques. Key topics include: 1. **Terminology of Lymph Nodes**: Definitions and general rules for lymph node terminology. 2. **Pathological Findings**: Detailed descriptions of benign and malignant epithelial neoplasia, non-epithelial tumors, and other malignant tumors. 3. **Esophagogastric Junction and Barrett’s Esophagus**: Definitions, endoscopic findings, and histological types of Barrett’s esophagus. 4. **Treatment**: Overview of endoscopic treatments (endoscopic resection, argon plasma coagulation, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, microwave coagulation therapy), surgical treatments (resection and reconstruction procedures, conservative/palliative procedures), stenting, balloon dilatation, and common issues in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 5. **Response Evaluation Criteria**: Criteria for evaluating response to treatment, including complete response, partial response, progressive disease, and stable disease. The article aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of esophageal cancer, emphasizing the importance of accurate pathological findings and standardized response evaluation criteria.