The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a critical regulator of the cytoprotective response to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2, the core of this pathway, plays a dual role: it protects cells from stress and can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by increasing its activity. The pathway is involved in various human cancers, including lung, liver, and thyroid cancers, and its dysregulation is associated with cancer progression. Recent research has deepened understanding of the pathway's structure, function, and clinical relevance. Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, is composed of multiple domains, including the BTB, IVR, and Kelch/DGR domains, and is regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Nrf2 is also regulated by various factors, including miRNAs and post-translational modifications. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment, as modulating its activity can influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. Clinical studies have shown that mutations in Keap1 and Nrf2 are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. The pathway's role in cancer development and treatment is an active area of research, with potential for developing targeted therapies.The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a critical regulator of the cytoprotective response to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2, the core of this pathway, plays a dual role: it protects cells from stress and can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by increasing its activity. The pathway is involved in various human cancers, including lung, liver, and thyroid cancers, and its dysregulation is associated with cancer progression. Recent research has deepened understanding of the pathway's structure, function, and clinical relevance. Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, is composed of multiple domains, including the BTB, IVR, and Kelch/DGR domains, and is regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Nrf2 is also regulated by various factors, including miRNAs and post-translational modifications. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment, as modulating its activity can influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. Clinical studies have shown that mutations in Keap1 and Nrf2 are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. The pathway's role in cancer development and treatment is an active area of research, with potential for developing targeted therapies.