The chapter provides a comprehensive guide to soil taxonomy, focusing on the classification and characteristics of mineral and organic soils. It begins by defining soil and its properties, emphasizing the importance of horizons and the dynamic nature of soil. The chapter then delves into the definitions and characteristics of various soil horizons, including diagnostic horizons such as epipedons, argillic, calcic, kandic, natric, oxic, and petrocalcic horizons. Each horizon is described in detail, outlining specific criteria for identification and classification. The text also discusses the distinction between mineral and organic soils, providing criteria for determining which category a soil belongs to based on the percentage of organic matter and other characteristics. The chapter aims to provide a clear and structured approach to soil classification, ensuring that users can accurately identify and interpret soil types in the field.The chapter provides a comprehensive guide to soil taxonomy, focusing on the classification and characteristics of mineral and organic soils. It begins by defining soil and its properties, emphasizing the importance of horizons and the dynamic nature of soil. The chapter then delves into the definitions and characteristics of various soil horizons, including diagnostic horizons such as epipedons, argillic, calcic, kandic, natric, oxic, and petrocalcic horizons. Each horizon is described in detail, outlining specific criteria for identification and classification. The text also discusses the distinction between mineral and organic soils, providing criteria for determining which category a soil belongs to based on the percentage of organic matter and other characteristics. The chapter aims to provide a clear and structured approach to soil classification, ensuring that users can accurately identify and interpret soil types in the field.