The article explores the role of science and technology (S&T) in sustainable development, emphasizing the need for effective systems that can harness S&T to address environmental challenges. It argues that successful systems manage the boundaries between knowledge and action, enhancing the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of the information produced. The study draws on case studies from various fields, including agricultural research, water management, climate forecasting, fisheries management, and transboundary pollution, to illustrate how effective boundary management can be achieved through communication, translation, and mediation. Key findings include the importance of active and inclusive communication, mutual understanding, and mediation to balance the trade-offs among salience, credibility, and legitimacy. The article concludes by discussing the organizational structures and strategies that can support these functions, such as dual accountability and the use of "boundary objects" to facilitate collaboration. The authors emphasize the need for long-term commitment and patience in building effective knowledge systems for sustainability.The article explores the role of science and technology (S&T) in sustainable development, emphasizing the need for effective systems that can harness S&T to address environmental challenges. It argues that successful systems manage the boundaries between knowledge and action, enhancing the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of the information produced. The study draws on case studies from various fields, including agricultural research, water management, climate forecasting, fisheries management, and transboundary pollution, to illustrate how effective boundary management can be achieved through communication, translation, and mediation. Key findings include the importance of active and inclusive communication, mutual understanding, and mediation to balance the trade-offs among salience, credibility, and legitimacy. The article concludes by discussing the organizational structures and strategies that can support these functions, such as dual accountability and the use of "boundary objects" to facilitate collaboration. The authors emphasize the need for long-term commitment and patience in building effective knowledge systems for sustainability.