The *Lachnospiraceae* are a family of anaerobic bacteria with significant potential in industrial biocatalysis and biotherapeutics. These bacteria can metabolize low-cost feedstocks like lignocellulose and carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals, and they play crucial roles in the human gut and animal rumen by fermenting dietary fiber to promote gut health and immune function. Recent studies have advanced the understanding of their physiology, cultivation, and genetics, highlighting their wide substrate utilization and metabolic products with industrial applications. *Lachnospiraceae* are also being explored as Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs) for treating infections, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Key research areas include elucidating intra-specific diversity and genetic modification of candidate strains to facilitate their exploitation in industry and medicine. The article discusses the phylogeny, genomes, substrate utilization, metabolic products, cultivation, and engineering of *Lachnospiraceae*, as well as their applications in the bioeconomy and therapeutic areas.The *Lachnospiraceae* are a family of anaerobic bacteria with significant potential in industrial biocatalysis and biotherapeutics. These bacteria can metabolize low-cost feedstocks like lignocellulose and carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals, and they play crucial roles in the human gut and animal rumen by fermenting dietary fiber to promote gut health and immune function. Recent studies have advanced the understanding of their physiology, cultivation, and genetics, highlighting their wide substrate utilization and metabolic products with industrial applications. *Lachnospiraceae* are also being explored as Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs) for treating infections, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Key research areas include elucidating intra-specific diversity and genetic modification of candidate strains to facilitate their exploitation in industry and medicine. The article discusses the phylogeny, genomes, substrate utilization, metabolic products, cultivation, and engineering of *Lachnospiraceae*, as well as their applications in the bioeconomy and therapeutic areas.