Landscape sustainability science is essential for guiding humanity's transition toward sustainability at various scales, from local landscapes to the planet as a whole. Sustainability science is central to this vision, with landscapes and regions as key scales. This paper aims to clarify key definitions and concepts of sustainability, including the Brundtland definition, the triple bottom line, weak and strong sustainability, resilience, human well-being, and ecosystem services. It also examines key definitions and concepts of landscape sustainability, including those derived from general concepts and those specific to landscapes. A framework for developing landscape sustainability science is proposed. Landscape sustainability is defined as the capacity of a landscape to consistently provide long-term, landscape-specific ecosystem services essential for maintaining and improving human well-being. Well-being is a journey, not a destination. Landscape sustainability science is a place-based, use-inspired science that understands and improves the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes under uncertainties. Spatially explicit methods, especially experimental approaches and multi-scaled simulation models, are essential for advancing landscape sustainability science. The Earth system is entering the Anthropocene, marked by significant environmental impacts from human activities. While all spatial scales are relevant to sustainability, some are more operational. Landscapes, consisting of multiple ecosystems, represent a pivotal scale for sustainability research and application. Landscapes are where people and nature interact most acutely, and their composition and configuration affect and are affected by human activities. Considering human-environment interactions at the landscape scale in a spatially explicit way helps link local and global sustainability. Landscape sustainability science is an essential part of sustainability science. Terms like "sustainable landscapes," "landscape sustainability," and "landscape resilience" are increasingly used in landscape ecology, geography, environmental planning, and landscape architecture. While sustainability is scientifically and morally necessary, its meaning varies among researchers. Landscape sustainability remains at a formative stage, with its relationship to sustainability science and landscape ecology yet to be rigorously explored. This paper aims to clarify key definitions and concepts of sustainability and landscape sustainability, and to propose a framework for advancing landscape sustainability science.Landscape sustainability science is essential for guiding humanity's transition toward sustainability at various scales, from local landscapes to the planet as a whole. Sustainability science is central to this vision, with landscapes and regions as key scales. This paper aims to clarify key definitions and concepts of sustainability, including the Brundtland definition, the triple bottom line, weak and strong sustainability, resilience, human well-being, and ecosystem services. It also examines key definitions and concepts of landscape sustainability, including those derived from general concepts and those specific to landscapes. A framework for developing landscape sustainability science is proposed. Landscape sustainability is defined as the capacity of a landscape to consistently provide long-term, landscape-specific ecosystem services essential for maintaining and improving human well-being. Well-being is a journey, not a destination. Landscape sustainability science is a place-based, use-inspired science that understands and improves the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes under uncertainties. Spatially explicit methods, especially experimental approaches and multi-scaled simulation models, are essential for advancing landscape sustainability science. The Earth system is entering the Anthropocene, marked by significant environmental impacts from human activities. While all spatial scales are relevant to sustainability, some are more operational. Landscapes, consisting of multiple ecosystems, represent a pivotal scale for sustainability research and application. Landscapes are where people and nature interact most acutely, and their composition and configuration affect and are affected by human activities. Considering human-environment interactions at the landscape scale in a spatially explicit way helps link local and global sustainability. Landscape sustainability science is an essential part of sustainability science. Terms like "sustainable landscapes," "landscape sustainability," and "landscape resilience" are increasingly used in landscape ecology, geography, environmental planning, and landscape architecture. While sustainability is scientifically and morally necessary, its meaning varies among researchers. Landscape sustainability remains at a formative stage, with its relationship to sustainability science and landscape ecology yet to be rigorously explored. This paper aims to clarify key definitions and concepts of sustainability and landscape sustainability, and to propose a framework for advancing landscape sustainability science.