The adaptive control hypothesis proposes that language control processes in bilinguals adapt to the demands of interactional contexts. These processes, such as goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, and opportunistic planning, are influenced by the context in which language is used. In single-language contexts, language control is less demanding, while in dual-language and dense code-switching contexts, it is more complex. The hypothesis suggests that these control processes adapt to the specific demands of each context, leading to changes in neural regions and circuits associated with these processes. For example, dual-language contexts may lead to adaptations that circumvent a control dilemma, while dense code-switching contexts may require more flexible planning. The hypothesis is tested through behavioral and neuroimaging studies that assess language control in various tasks. The adaptive control hypothesis implies that bilinguals may have enhanced cognitive control skills due to the increased demands of language control, which could affect performance in nonverbal tasks. The hypothesis also suggests that individual differences in cognitive control and sensitivity to interactional costs may influence the extent of adaptive changes. Neuroimaging studies are used to identify the neural regions and circuits involved in language control, and to examine how these regions adapt to different interactional contexts. The hypothesis is supported by evidence showing that bilinguals show different patterns of neural activation and behavioral performance compared to monolinguals, depending on the interactional context. The adaptive control hypothesis provides a framework for understanding how language control processes in bilinguals adapt to the demands of different interactional contexts, and how these adaptations may influence cognitive control and performance in various tasks.The adaptive control hypothesis proposes that language control processes in bilinguals adapt to the demands of interactional contexts. These processes, such as goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, and opportunistic planning, are influenced by the context in which language is used. In single-language contexts, language control is less demanding, while in dual-language and dense code-switching contexts, it is more complex. The hypothesis suggests that these control processes adapt to the specific demands of each context, leading to changes in neural regions and circuits associated with these processes. For example, dual-language contexts may lead to adaptations that circumvent a control dilemma, while dense code-switching contexts may require more flexible planning. The hypothesis is tested through behavioral and neuroimaging studies that assess language control in various tasks. The adaptive control hypothesis implies that bilinguals may have enhanced cognitive control skills due to the increased demands of language control, which could affect performance in nonverbal tasks. The hypothesis also suggests that individual differences in cognitive control and sensitivity to interactional costs may influence the extent of adaptive changes. Neuroimaging studies are used to identify the neural regions and circuits involved in language control, and to examine how these regions adapt to different interactional contexts. The hypothesis is supported by evidence showing that bilinguals show different patterns of neural activation and behavioral performance compared to monolinguals, depending on the interactional context. The adaptive control hypothesis provides a framework for understanding how language control processes in bilinguals adapt to the demands of different interactional contexts, and how these adaptations may influence cognitive control and performance in various tasks.