The article explores the nature and dynamics of control processes in bilingual speakers, focusing on speech production. The authors propose the Adaptive Control Hypothesis, which suggests that language control processes adapt to the recurrent demands placed on them by different interactional contexts (single language, dual language, and dense code-switching). They distinguish eight control processes and predict that these processes will adapt in neural regions and circuits associated with specific functions. The hypothesis posits that bilingual speakers face higher cognitive demands due to the need to switch between languages, leading to enhanced cognitive control skills. These skills are then applied to nonverbal tasks. The authors argue that the adaptive response is driven by the interactional cost of not adapting, and they provide predictions for behavioral and neuroimaging studies to test the hypothesis. They also discuss individual differences that may influence the extent of adaptive changes.The article explores the nature and dynamics of control processes in bilingual speakers, focusing on speech production. The authors propose the Adaptive Control Hypothesis, which suggests that language control processes adapt to the recurrent demands placed on them by different interactional contexts (single language, dual language, and dense code-switching). They distinguish eight control processes and predict that these processes will adapt in neural regions and circuits associated with specific functions. The hypothesis posits that bilingual speakers face higher cognitive demands due to the need to switch between languages, leading to enhanced cognitive control skills. These skills are then applied to nonverbal tasks. The authors argue that the adaptive response is driven by the interactional cost of not adapting, and they provide predictions for behavioral and neuroimaging studies to test the hypothesis. They also discuss individual differences that may influence the extent of adaptive changes.