The lateral prefrontal cortex in humans and macaques shares a similar architectonic organization, despite differences in functional roles. The prefrontal cortex is functionally organized along a rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axis. The caudal region, including the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings. The caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher-order control processes that regulate the selection among competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. The mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an abstract role in cognitive control, organized along a dorsal-ventral axis, with the middorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in working memory monitoring and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in active retrieval and encoding of information. The cytoarchitectonic maps of the human and macaque prefrontal cortex have been studied extensively, with Brodmann's maps being widely used. However, discrepancies between these maps have hindered comparisons between human and non-human primate studies. Recent studies by Petrides and Pandya have re-examined the cytoarchitecture of the human and macaque prefrontal cortex, leading to a more consistent parcellation. This work has clarified that the human and macaque prefrontal cortex share similar architectonic features, despite differences in their functional roles. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is organized along a rostral-caudal axis, with the caudal region involved in conditional selection and the mid-dorsolateral region involved in working memory monitoring. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is organized along a dorsal-ventral axis, with the mid-ventrolateral region involved in active retrieval and encoding of information. The frontopolar region, although less studied, is thought to be involved in higher-order cognitive functions. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is involved in high-order control processes that regulate cognition and behavior. Lesions in the prefrontal cortex have revealed the importance of different regions in these processes, with the caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in conditional selection and the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in working memory monitoring. The mid-lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in executive control, with the dorsolateral region involved in monitoring and the ventrolateral region involved in retrieval and encoding of information. The frontopolar region is thought to be involved in higher-order cognitive functions.The lateral prefrontal cortex in humans and macaques shares a similar architectonic organization, despite differences in functional roles. The prefrontal cortex is functionally organized along a rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axis. The caudal region, including the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings. The caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher-order control processes that regulate the selection among competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. The mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an abstract role in cognitive control, organized along a dorsal-ventral axis, with the middorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in working memory monitoring and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in active retrieval and encoding of information. The cytoarchitectonic maps of the human and macaque prefrontal cortex have been studied extensively, with Brodmann's maps being widely used. However, discrepancies between these maps have hindered comparisons between human and non-human primate studies. Recent studies by Petrides and Pandya have re-examined the cytoarchitecture of the human and macaque prefrontal cortex, leading to a more consistent parcellation. This work has clarified that the human and macaque prefrontal cortex share similar architectonic features, despite differences in their functional roles. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is organized along a rostral-caudal axis, with the caudal region involved in conditional selection and the mid-dorsolateral region involved in working memory monitoring. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is organized along a dorsal-ventral axis, with the mid-ventrolateral region involved in active retrieval and encoding of information. The frontopolar region, although less studied, is thought to be involved in higher-order cognitive functions. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is involved in high-order control processes that regulate cognition and behavior. Lesions in the prefrontal cortex have revealed the importance of different regions in these processes, with the caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in conditional selection and the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in working memory monitoring. The mid-lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in executive control, with the dorsolateral region involved in monitoring and the ventrolateral region involved in retrieval and encoding of information. The frontopolar region is thought to be involved in higher-order cognitive functions.