The article by Michael Petrides discusses the architectonic and functional organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex in humans and macaque monkeys. It highlights the similarities in the basic architectonic organization of these two primate species, despite significant developmental differences in the prefrontal cortex. The lateral prefrontal cortex is functionally organized along both a rostral-caudal axis and a dorsal-ventral axis. The most caudal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and sensorimotor mappings. The caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher-order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. The mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex monitoring information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions. The article also addresses the discrepancies in the architectonic parcellation of the human and macaque monkey prefrontal cortex, which have impeded the crosstalk between functional neuroimaging studies and experimental anatomical and physiological research. Petrides and Pandya's re-examination of the cytoarchitecture of the human and macaque monkey prefrontal cortex resolved these discrepancies, allowing for a more meaningful comparison between the two species. The functional organization of the prefrontal cortex is further discussed, emphasizing the rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex playing a crucial role in monitoring and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in executive control.The article by Michael Petrides discusses the architectonic and functional organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex in humans and macaque monkeys. It highlights the similarities in the basic architectonic organization of these two primate species, despite significant developmental differences in the prefrontal cortex. The lateral prefrontal cortex is functionally organized along both a rostral-caudal axis and a dorsal-ventral axis. The most caudal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and sensorimotor mappings. The caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher-order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. The mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex monitoring information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions. The article also addresses the discrepancies in the architectonic parcellation of the human and macaque monkey prefrontal cortex, which have impeded the crosstalk between functional neuroimaging studies and experimental anatomical and physiological research. Petrides and Pandya's re-examination of the cytoarchitecture of the human and macaque monkey prefrontal cortex resolved these discrepancies, allowing for a more meaningful comparison between the two species. The functional organization of the prefrontal cortex is further discussed, emphasizing the rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex playing a crucial role in monitoring and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in executive control.