Lead toxicity in plants is a significant environmental issue caused by heavy metal contamination, particularly from lead (Pb). Pb is not essential for plants but is easily absorbed and accumulated in various plant parts. Factors such as soil pH, particle size, cation exchange capacity, and root exudation influence Pb uptake. Excess Pb causes symptoms like stunted growth, chlorosis, and root blackening. It inhibits photosynthesis, disrupts mineral nutrition, alters hormonal status, and affects membrane structure. This review discusses the morphological, physiological, and biochemical effects of Pb toxicity and strategies plants use to detoxify Pb and develop tolerance. Mechanisms include vacuolar sequestration, phytochelatin synthesis, and binding to glutathione and amino acids. Pb tolerance involves restricting Pb to cell walls, synthesizing osmolytes, and activating antioxidant defense systems. Phytoremediation and rhizofiltration technologies show potential for Pb-contaminated soil remediation. Key terms include antioxidant defense, detoxification, osmolytes, phytochelatin, phytoremediation, and tolerance. Pb sources include industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and sewage sludge. Pb uptake is influenced by soil conditions, plant factors, and root exudates. Pb is primarily taken up by roots and localized in root cells, with limited translocation to shoots. Pb toxicity affects root growth, cell division, and membrane structure. It inhibits enzyme activities, disrupts photosynthesis, and causes oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Plants respond by activating antioxidant enzymes like SOD, APX, and GR to scavenge ROS. Pb tolerance strategies include metal exclusion, detoxification, and biochemical tolerance. Species like Typha latifolia demonstrate Pb tolerance through metal exclusion and rhizosphere modification. Overall, Pb toxicity poses a serious threat to agriculture and human health, requiring effective remediation strategies.Lead toxicity in plants is a significant environmental issue caused by heavy metal contamination, particularly from lead (Pb). Pb is not essential for plants but is easily absorbed and accumulated in various plant parts. Factors such as soil pH, particle size, cation exchange capacity, and root exudation influence Pb uptake. Excess Pb causes symptoms like stunted growth, chlorosis, and root blackening. It inhibits photosynthesis, disrupts mineral nutrition, alters hormonal status, and affects membrane structure. This review discusses the morphological, physiological, and biochemical effects of Pb toxicity and strategies plants use to detoxify Pb and develop tolerance. Mechanisms include vacuolar sequestration, phytochelatin synthesis, and binding to glutathione and amino acids. Pb tolerance involves restricting Pb to cell walls, synthesizing osmolytes, and activating antioxidant defense systems. Phytoremediation and rhizofiltration technologies show potential for Pb-contaminated soil remediation. Key terms include antioxidant defense, detoxification, osmolytes, phytochelatin, phytoremediation, and tolerance. Pb sources include industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and sewage sludge. Pb uptake is influenced by soil conditions, plant factors, and root exudates. Pb is primarily taken up by roots and localized in root cells, with limited translocation to shoots. Pb toxicity affects root growth, cell division, and membrane structure. It inhibits enzyme activities, disrupts photosynthesis, and causes oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Plants respond by activating antioxidant enzymes like SOD, APX, and GR to scavenge ROS. Pb tolerance strategies include metal exclusion, detoxification, and biochemical tolerance. Species like Typha latifolia demonstrate Pb tolerance through metal exclusion and rhizosphere modification. Overall, Pb toxicity poses a serious threat to agriculture and human health, requiring effective remediation strategies.