This paper investigates the light rings and shadows of two types of static black holes in effective quantum gravity (EQG). Using the topological method and backward ray-tracing, the authors find that both types of black holes have standard and unstable light rings. The quantum parameters do not affect the light rings but reduce the size of the first type of black hole. The second type of black hole cannot be distinguished from a Schwarzschild black hole based on its shadow. However, quantum parameters shrink the lensing rings of both types, increasing the proportion of the black hole shadow within the ring. This difference can be used to distinguish EQG from general relativity (GR). The study also calculates the angular radius of black hole shadows for Sgr A* and M87* using the first type of static black hole in EQG. The results show that the angular radius of the shadow depends on the quantum parameter. The findings suggest that the quantum corrections in EQG can be detected through the properties of black hole shadows and lensing rings, providing a potential way to distinguish EQG from GR. The research contributes to the development of loop quantum gravity theory and helps address key issues such as black hole singularities and the information paradox.This paper investigates the light rings and shadows of two types of static black holes in effective quantum gravity (EQG). Using the topological method and backward ray-tracing, the authors find that both types of black holes have standard and unstable light rings. The quantum parameters do not affect the light rings but reduce the size of the first type of black hole. The second type of black hole cannot be distinguished from a Schwarzschild black hole based on its shadow. However, quantum parameters shrink the lensing rings of both types, increasing the proportion of the black hole shadow within the ring. This difference can be used to distinguish EQG from general relativity (GR). The study also calculates the angular radius of black hole shadows for Sgr A* and M87* using the first type of static black hole in EQG. The results show that the angular radius of the shadow depends on the quantum parameter. The findings suggest that the quantum corrections in EQG can be detected through the properties of black hole shadows and lensing rings, providing a potential way to distinguish EQG from GR. The research contributes to the development of loop quantum gravity theory and helps address key issues such as black hole singularities and the information paradox.