Lipid biosynthesis is a critical process in plant cells, essential for membrane structure and function, as well as for storage of carbon in seeds. Lipids make up 5-10% of the dry weight of plant cells, primarily in membranes, and are crucial for processes like photosynthesis. In seeds, lipids constitute up to 60% of the dry weight, serving as a carbon storage form. Epidermal cells produce cuticular lipids that protect plants against water loss and pathogens. Lipids also serve as precursors for hormones and membrane proteins. Unlike other plant constituents, lipids are defined by their physical properties rather than chemical structure. The most abundant lipids in plant cells are derived from the fatty acid and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathway. Fatty acid biosynthesis is a primary metabolic pathway, occurring in all plant cells, and is essential for growth. Fatty acids are primarily synthesized in plastids, which differ from animal and fungal lipid biosynthesis, requiring mechanisms for exporting fatty acids from plastids to other cell sites. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCcase) is central to fatty acid biosynthesis, catalyzing the first reaction to form malonyl-CoA. ACCcase exists in two forms: a multifunctional enzyme in the cytosol and a multisubunit enzyme in plastids. These forms differ in their biochemical properties and subcellular localization. The regulation of ACCcase activity is crucial for controlling fatty acid synthesis rates, influenced by factors such as light/dark cycles and the availability of substrates. The fatty acid biosynthesis pathway involves multiple enzymatic reactions, starting with the conversion of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA into a 16- or 18-carbon fatty acid. The pathway includes condensation, reduction, dehydration, and re-reduction steps, ultimately producing saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are introduced by desaturases, which are membrane-bound enzymes located in the chloroplast and ER. Glycerolipid synthesis occurs via two distinct pathways: the prokaryotic pathway in plastids and the eukaryotic pathway in the ER. The prokaryotic pathway produces glycerolipids with specific fatty acid compositions, while the eukaryotic pathway generates a variety of phospholipids. These pathways are interconnected, allowing for lipid exchange between the ER and plastids. Membrane desaturases play a key role in modifying fatty acids to produce unsaturated forms essential for membrane function. Mutations in desaturase genes lead to altered lipid compositions, affecting plant growth and development. For example, *fad2* mutants exhibit chilling sensitivity, highlighting the importance of unsaturated fatty acids in cold tolerance. Storage triacylglycerols (TAGs) are synthesized in seeds for carbon storage. TAGs are stored in lipid bodies, which are surrounded by a monolayer membrane. TAG biosynthesisLipid biosynthesis is a critical process in plant cells, essential for membrane structure and function, as well as for storage of carbon in seeds. Lipids make up 5-10% of the dry weight of plant cells, primarily in membranes, and are crucial for processes like photosynthesis. In seeds, lipids constitute up to 60% of the dry weight, serving as a carbon storage form. Epidermal cells produce cuticular lipids that protect plants against water loss and pathogens. Lipids also serve as precursors for hormones and membrane proteins. Unlike other plant constituents, lipids are defined by their physical properties rather than chemical structure. The most abundant lipids in plant cells are derived from the fatty acid and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathway. Fatty acid biosynthesis is a primary metabolic pathway, occurring in all plant cells, and is essential for growth. Fatty acids are primarily synthesized in plastids, which differ from animal and fungal lipid biosynthesis, requiring mechanisms for exporting fatty acids from plastids to other cell sites. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCcase) is central to fatty acid biosynthesis, catalyzing the first reaction to form malonyl-CoA. ACCcase exists in two forms: a multifunctional enzyme in the cytosol and a multisubunit enzyme in plastids. These forms differ in their biochemical properties and subcellular localization. The regulation of ACCcase activity is crucial for controlling fatty acid synthesis rates, influenced by factors such as light/dark cycles and the availability of substrates. The fatty acid biosynthesis pathway involves multiple enzymatic reactions, starting with the conversion of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA into a 16- or 18-carbon fatty acid. The pathway includes condensation, reduction, dehydration, and re-reduction steps, ultimately producing saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are introduced by desaturases, which are membrane-bound enzymes located in the chloroplast and ER. Glycerolipid synthesis occurs via two distinct pathways: the prokaryotic pathway in plastids and the eukaryotic pathway in the ER. The prokaryotic pathway produces glycerolipids with specific fatty acid compositions, while the eukaryotic pathway generates a variety of phospholipids. These pathways are interconnected, allowing for lipid exchange between the ER and plastids. Membrane desaturases play a key role in modifying fatty acids to produce unsaturated forms essential for membrane function. Mutations in desaturase genes lead to altered lipid compositions, affecting plant growth and development. For example, *fad2* mutants exhibit chilling sensitivity, highlighting the importance of unsaturated fatty acids in cold tolerance. Storage triacylglycerols (TAGs) are synthesized in seeds for carbon storage. TAGs are stored in lipid bodies, which are surrounded by a monolayer membrane. TAG biosynthesis