December 1996 | EHUD M. LANDAU AND JÜRG P. ROSENBUSCH
Lipidic cubic phases offer a novel approach for crystallizing membrane proteins. This method uses quasisolid lipidic cubic phases, which consist of lipid, water, and protein in appropriate proportions, forming a structured, transparent, and complex three-dimensional lipidic array with an intercommunicating aqueous channel system. These matrices provide nucleation sites ("seeding") and support growth by lateral diffusion of protein molecules in the membrane ("feeding"). Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) crystals were obtained from bicontinuous cubic phases but not from micellar systems, indicating the importance of the continuity of the diffusion space (the bilayer) on crystal growth. Hexagonal BR crystals diffracted to 3.7 Å resolution with a space group P6₃ and unit cell dimensions of a = b = 62 Å, c = 108 Å.
Membrane proteins, residing in highly insulating lipid bilayers, catalyze vital reactions such as solute transport, charge separation, and energy conversion. Understanding these processes at a molecular level requires high-resolution structures of these hydrophobic proteins. Three methods are used: electron microscopy, NMR, and x-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography has been limited in success due to the challenges in producing well-ordered three-dimensional crystals. The lipidic cubic phases provide a structured yet flexible matrix that facilitates crystal nucleation and growth. The bicontinuous cubic phase, with its curved bilayer, forms a diffusion space, allowing proteins to retain their activity and structural integrity. The hydrophobic surfaces and anisotropic orientation of membrane proteins pose challenges in producing well-ordered crystals. The lipidic cubic phases maintain the proteins in a quasisolid membrane environment, preserving their structure and function.
The bicontinuous cubic phase, with its high viscosity and stability, is particularly suitable for this purpose. The study demonstrates that BR crystals grown in bicontinuous cubic phases exhibit high-resolution diffraction patterns, validating the method's effectiveness. The results show that the composition and structure of the lipidic compartments govern the nucleation and growth of BR crystals. The bilayers are essential for crystallization. The hexagonal space group and unit cell dimensions of BR crystals grown from bicontinuous MO cubic phases align with previous results from electron crystallography and x-ray diffraction studies. The resolution obtained (3.7 Å) is comparable to that of detergent-grown orthorhombic crystals. The study also highlights the potential of lipidic cubic phases as novel matrices for obtaining three-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins amenable to x-ray analysis. Further investigations are needed to explore the applicability of this method.Lipidic cubic phases offer a novel approach for crystallizing membrane proteins. This method uses quasisolid lipidic cubic phases, which consist of lipid, water, and protein in appropriate proportions, forming a structured, transparent, and complex three-dimensional lipidic array with an intercommunicating aqueous channel system. These matrices provide nucleation sites ("seeding") and support growth by lateral diffusion of protein molecules in the membrane ("feeding"). Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) crystals were obtained from bicontinuous cubic phases but not from micellar systems, indicating the importance of the continuity of the diffusion space (the bilayer) on crystal growth. Hexagonal BR crystals diffracted to 3.7 Å resolution with a space group P6₃ and unit cell dimensions of a = b = 62 Å, c = 108 Å.
Membrane proteins, residing in highly insulating lipid bilayers, catalyze vital reactions such as solute transport, charge separation, and energy conversion. Understanding these processes at a molecular level requires high-resolution structures of these hydrophobic proteins. Three methods are used: electron microscopy, NMR, and x-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography has been limited in success due to the challenges in producing well-ordered three-dimensional crystals. The lipidic cubic phases provide a structured yet flexible matrix that facilitates crystal nucleation and growth. The bicontinuous cubic phase, with its curved bilayer, forms a diffusion space, allowing proteins to retain their activity and structural integrity. The hydrophobic surfaces and anisotropic orientation of membrane proteins pose challenges in producing well-ordered crystals. The lipidic cubic phases maintain the proteins in a quasisolid membrane environment, preserving their structure and function.
The bicontinuous cubic phase, with its high viscosity and stability, is particularly suitable for this purpose. The study demonstrates that BR crystals grown in bicontinuous cubic phases exhibit high-resolution diffraction patterns, validating the method's effectiveness. The results show that the composition and structure of the lipidic compartments govern the nucleation and growth of BR crystals. The bilayers are essential for crystallization. The hexagonal space group and unit cell dimensions of BR crystals grown from bicontinuous MO cubic phases align with previous results from electron crystallography and x-ray diffraction studies. The resolution obtained (3.7 Å) is comparable to that of detergent-grown orthorhombic crystals. The study also highlights the potential of lipidic cubic phases as novel matrices for obtaining three-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins amenable to x-ray analysis. Further investigations are needed to explore the applicability of this method.