The long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota are significant and can persist for extended periods. Recent studies have shown that antibiotic treatments can lead to the stabilization of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations in the human gut, which may contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota are influenced by various factors, including the type of antibiotic, dosage, duration of treatment, and route of administration. Short-term changes in the gut microbiota are well-documented, but the long-term consequences, such as the persistence of resistant strains and the disruption of ecological balance, are less understood. Molecular methods, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic analysis, have revealed that antibiotic treatments can cause shifts in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, with some changes persisting for years. Additionally, the spread and stabilization of antibiotic resistance genes within the gut microbiota are significant concerns, as they can lead to the emergence of new resistant pathogenic strains. The use of antibiotics in clinical medicine and agriculture contributes to the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance, and there is a need for more research to understand the natural dynamics of the normal microbiota and to develop rational guidelines for antibiotic therapy.The long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota are significant and can persist for extended periods. Recent studies have shown that antibiotic treatments can lead to the stabilization of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations in the human gut, which may contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota are influenced by various factors, including the type of antibiotic, dosage, duration of treatment, and route of administration. Short-term changes in the gut microbiota are well-documented, but the long-term consequences, such as the persistence of resistant strains and the disruption of ecological balance, are less understood. Molecular methods, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic analysis, have revealed that antibiotic treatments can cause shifts in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, with some changes persisting for years. Additionally, the spread and stabilization of antibiotic resistance genes within the gut microbiota are significant concerns, as they can lead to the emergence of new resistant pathogenic strains. The use of antibiotics in clinical medicine and agriculture contributes to the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance, and there is a need for more research to understand the natural dynamics of the normal microbiota and to develop rational guidelines for antibiotic therapy.