Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost and similar energy storage mechanism to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their performance is significantly affected by low-temperature (LT) conditions, which pose challenges in high-altitude and cold regions. The main issues include sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics, unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and slow sodium ion diffusion, leading to reduced battery performance. To address these challenges, the design of electrolytes and electrode materials is crucial for optimizing LT performance. This review summarizes recent research progress on LT SIBs, focusing on electrolytes, cathode and anode materials, sodium metal batteries, and solid-state electrolytes. The key factors limiting LT performance include low electrolyte conductivity, reduced ion diffusion rates in active materials, and decreased charge transfer rates at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The Arrhenius equation indicates that these reactions are significantly influenced by temperature. Additionally, sodium dendrites and safety issues arise due to the precipitation of metallic sodium during LT cycling. To enhance LT performance, research focuses on optimizing electrolyte formulations and modifying electrode materials. The use of ester and ether-based electrolytes, such as PC and DEGDME, has shown promising results in improving LT performance. These electrolytes offer low freezing points, high ionic conductivity, and good SEI formation. The addition of co-solvents and the use of low-concentration electrolytes have also been explored to enhance LT performance. The development of sodium metal batteries and solid-state electrolytes is also critical for improving LT performance. Overall, the design of electrolytes and electrode materials is essential for advancing the practical applications of SIBs in LT environments.Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost and similar energy storage mechanism to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their performance is significantly affected by low-temperature (LT) conditions, which pose challenges in high-altitude and cold regions. The main issues include sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics, unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and slow sodium ion diffusion, leading to reduced battery performance. To address these challenges, the design of electrolytes and electrode materials is crucial for optimizing LT performance. This review summarizes recent research progress on LT SIBs, focusing on electrolytes, cathode and anode materials, sodium metal batteries, and solid-state electrolytes. The key factors limiting LT performance include low electrolyte conductivity, reduced ion diffusion rates in active materials, and decreased charge transfer rates at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The Arrhenius equation indicates that these reactions are significantly influenced by temperature. Additionally, sodium dendrites and safety issues arise due to the precipitation of metallic sodium during LT cycling. To enhance LT performance, research focuses on optimizing electrolyte formulations and modifying electrode materials. The use of ester and ether-based electrolytes, such as PC and DEGDME, has shown promising results in improving LT performance. These electrolytes offer low freezing points, high ionic conductivity, and good SEI formation. The addition of co-solvents and the use of low-concentration electrolytes have also been explored to enhance LT performance. The development of sodium metal batteries and solid-state electrolytes is also critical for improving LT performance. Overall, the design of electrolytes and electrode materials is essential for advancing the practical applications of SIBs in LT environments.