Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality globally, with 90% of cases linked to smoking and tobacco use. It is divided into two main types: small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for 85% of cases and includes subtypes like squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell anaplastic carcinoma. SCLC is more aggressive and tends to spread rapidly. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer prognosis remains poor, with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Understanding the biology of lung cancer, including genetic and epigenetic alterations, is crucial for developing more effective therapies. Key genetic alterations include mutations in EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and others, as well as amplifications of genes like MET and FGFR. These alterations can be targeted with specific drugs, such as EGFR and ALK inhibitors. The tumor microenvironment also plays a critical role, with immune cells and stromal cells influencing tumor progression and response to therapy. Racial and ethnic disparities in lung cancer incidence and outcomes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Treatment options vary based on the stage and molecular profile of the cancer. For early-stage NSCLC, surgery is the primary treatment, while advanced stages may involve chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Brain metastases are common in lung cancer and require specialized treatments like whole brain radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, or systemic therapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors, such as bevacizumab, are used to block tumor blood vessel formation. Overall, personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling and patient characteristics are essential for improving outcomes in lung cancer.Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality globally, with 90% of cases linked to smoking and tobacco use. It is divided into two main types: small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for 85% of cases and includes subtypes like squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell anaplastic carcinoma. SCLC is more aggressive and tends to spread rapidly. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer prognosis remains poor, with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Understanding the biology of lung cancer, including genetic and epigenetic alterations, is crucial for developing more effective therapies. Key genetic alterations include mutations in EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and others, as well as amplifications of genes like MET and FGFR. These alterations can be targeted with specific drugs, such as EGFR and ALK inhibitors. The tumor microenvironment also plays a critical role, with immune cells and stromal cells influencing tumor progression and response to therapy. Racial and ethnic disparities in lung cancer incidence and outcomes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Treatment options vary based on the stage and molecular profile of the cancer. For early-stage NSCLC, surgery is the primary treatment, while advanced stages may involve chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Brain metastases are common in lung cancer and require specialized treatments like whole brain radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, or systemic therapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors, such as bevacizumab, are used to block tumor blood vessel formation. Overall, personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling and patient characteristics are essential for improving outcomes in lung cancer.