This review discusses the current understanding of lupus nephritis (LN), a severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and highlights the role of biomarkers in its diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. LN is a complex disease with varying histological classifications and clinical outcomes, and early detection is crucial for effective management. Biomarkers, including autoantibodies, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, complement components, microRNAs, and genetic factors, have shown promise in assessing disease activity, predicting outcomes, and guiding treatment decisions. Autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA, C1q, and anti-ENO-1 are valuable for diagnosing and monitoring LN. Cytokines like BAFF, APRIL, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are associated with disease activity and response to treatment. Chemokines and adhesion molecules, including MCP-1, IL-17, and VCAM-1, also serve as potential biomarkers. Complement components such as C3, C4d, and the C4d/C4 ratio are useful in assessing disease activity and predicting outcomes. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers for LN. Genetic factors, including variants in genes related to immune regulation and complement pathways, contribute to the development and progression of LN. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, also play a role in LN pathogenesis. Despite these advances, challenges remain in the clinical application of biomarkers due to the heterogeneity of LN and the need for standardized validation. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating multiple biomarkers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring of LN.This review discusses the current understanding of lupus nephritis (LN), a severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and highlights the role of biomarkers in its diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. LN is a complex disease with varying histological classifications and clinical outcomes, and early detection is crucial for effective management. Biomarkers, including autoantibodies, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, complement components, microRNAs, and genetic factors, have shown promise in assessing disease activity, predicting outcomes, and guiding treatment decisions. Autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA, C1q, and anti-ENO-1 are valuable for diagnosing and monitoring LN. Cytokines like BAFF, APRIL, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are associated with disease activity and response to treatment. Chemokines and adhesion molecules, including MCP-1, IL-17, and VCAM-1, also serve as potential biomarkers. Complement components such as C3, C4d, and the C4d/C4 ratio are useful in assessing disease activity and predicting outcomes. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers for LN. Genetic factors, including variants in genes related to immune regulation and complement pathways, contribute to the development and progression of LN. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, also play a role in LN pathogenesis. Despite these advances, challenges remain in the clinical application of biomarkers due to the heterogeneity of LN and the need for standardized validation. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating multiple biomarkers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring of LN.