The paper discusses the emergence of magnetic monopoles in a class of exotic magnets known as spin ice, specifically focusing on the pyrochlore lattice compounds Dy$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$ and Ho$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$. The authors argue that these materials exhibit a fractionalization of the dipole moment of the underlying electronic degrees of freedom into monopoles, which can be detected through their long-range magnetic interactions. This fractionalization is a result of the strong interactions in the system, leading to a liquid-gas transition of the magnetic monopoles in a magnetic field. The paper provides a detailed theoretical framework, including a mapping from dipoles to dumbbells and a derivation of the magnetic Coulomb interaction, to explain the observed phenomena. The results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations and compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. The presence of magnetic monopoles in spin ice is significant due to its rarity in condensed matter systems and its potential applications in high-dimensional fractionization and topological quantum computing.The paper discusses the emergence of magnetic monopoles in a class of exotic magnets known as spin ice, specifically focusing on the pyrochlore lattice compounds Dy$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$ and Ho$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$. The authors argue that these materials exhibit a fractionalization of the dipole moment of the underlying electronic degrees of freedom into monopoles, which can be detected through their long-range magnetic interactions. This fractionalization is a result of the strong interactions in the system, leading to a liquid-gas transition of the magnetic monopoles in a magnetic field. The paper provides a detailed theoretical framework, including a mapping from dipoles to dumbbells and a derivation of the magnetic Coulomb interaction, to explain the observed phenomena. The results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations and compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. The presence of magnetic monopoles in spin ice is significant due to its rarity in condensed matter systems and its potential applications in high-dimensional fractionization and topological quantum computing.