The article "Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome in Dialysis Patients: Causes and Consequences" by Kalantar-Zadeh et al. discusses the prevalence and impact of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation in maintenance dialysis patients. The authors highlight that these conditions are often concurrent and associated with poor outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, and increased mortality. They propose the term "Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome" (MICS) to describe the interplay between these two conditions. The article reviews the causes of MICS, including comorbid illnesses, oxidative and carbonyl stress, nutrient loss through dialysis, anorexia, uremic toxins, and volume overload. It also discusses the clinical consequences of MICS, such as refractory anemia, increased cardiovascular risk, and poor quality of life. The authors emphasize the need for better diagnostic tools and management strategies to address MICS, suggesting that nutritional support and anti-inflammatory interventions may improve outcomes in dialysis patients. They call for more clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches and to develop new treatment strategies.The article "Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome in Dialysis Patients: Causes and Consequences" by Kalantar-Zadeh et al. discusses the prevalence and impact of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation in maintenance dialysis patients. The authors highlight that these conditions are often concurrent and associated with poor outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, and increased mortality. They propose the term "Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome" (MICS) to describe the interplay between these two conditions. The article reviews the causes of MICS, including comorbid illnesses, oxidative and carbonyl stress, nutrient loss through dialysis, anorexia, uremic toxins, and volume overload. It also discusses the clinical consequences of MICS, such as refractory anemia, increased cardiovascular risk, and poor quality of life. The authors emphasize the need for better diagnostic tools and management strategies to address MICS, suggesting that nutritional support and anti-inflammatory interventions may improve outcomes in dialysis patients. They call for more clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches and to develop new treatment strategies.