Map Projections—A Working Manual by John P. Snyder This publication is a major revision of USGS Bulletin 1532, which is titled Map Projections Used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although several portions are essentially unchanged except for corrections and clarification, there is considerable revision in the early general discussion, and the scope of the book, originally limited to map projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey, now extends to include several other popular or useful projections. These and dozens of other projections are described with less detail in the forthcoming USGS publication An Album of Map Projections. This study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the reader interested in the philosophy or history of the projections and the reader desiring the mathematics. Under each of the projections described, the nonmathematical phases are presented first, without interruption by formulas. They are followed by the formulas and tables, which the first type of reader may skip entirely to pass to the nonmathematical discussion of the next projection. Even with the mathematics, there are almost no derivations and very little calculus. The emphasis is on describing the characteristics of the projection and how it is used. This professional paper, like Bulletin 1532, is also designed so that the user can turn directly to the desired projection, without reading any other section, in order to study the projection under consideration. However, the list of symbols may be needed in any case, and the random-access feature will be enhanced by a general understanding of the concepts of projections and distortion. As a result of this intent, there is some repetition which will be apparent when the book is read sequentially. For the more complicated projections, equations are given in the order of usage. Otherwise, major equations are given first, followed by subordinate equations. When an equation has been given previously, it is repeated with the original equation number, to avoid the need to leaf back and forth. Numerical examples, however, are placed in appendix A. It was felt that placing these with the formulas would only add to the difficulty of reading through the mathematical sections. The equations are frequently taken from other credited or standard sources, but a number of equations have been derived or rearranged for this publication by the author. Further attention has been given to computer efficiency, for example by encouraging the use of nested power series in place of multiple-angle series. The book provides a comprehensive overview of various map projections, including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. It discusses the characteristics of each projection, such as area, shape, scale, and direction, and explains how they are used in mapping. The book also includes formulas and tables for each projection, along with numerical examples and references to other publications. The text is organized to allow users to quickly find the information they need, with a focus on the practical application of map projections in cartography and geographic information systems.Map Projections—A Working Manual by John P. Snyder This publication is a major revision of USGS Bulletin 1532, which is titled Map Projections Used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although several portions are essentially unchanged except for corrections and clarification, there is considerable revision in the early general discussion, and the scope of the book, originally limited to map projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey, now extends to include several other popular or useful projections. These and dozens of other projections are described with less detail in the forthcoming USGS publication An Album of Map Projections. This study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the reader interested in the philosophy or history of the projections and the reader desiring the mathematics. Under each of the projections described, the nonmathematical phases are presented first, without interruption by formulas. They are followed by the formulas and tables, which the first type of reader may skip entirely to pass to the nonmathematical discussion of the next projection. Even with the mathematics, there are almost no derivations and very little calculus. The emphasis is on describing the characteristics of the projection and how it is used. This professional paper, like Bulletin 1532, is also designed so that the user can turn directly to the desired projection, without reading any other section, in order to study the projection under consideration. However, the list of symbols may be needed in any case, and the random-access feature will be enhanced by a general understanding of the concepts of projections and distortion. As a result of this intent, there is some repetition which will be apparent when the book is read sequentially. For the more complicated projections, equations are given in the order of usage. Otherwise, major equations are given first, followed by subordinate equations. When an equation has been given previously, it is repeated with the original equation number, to avoid the need to leaf back and forth. Numerical examples, however, are placed in appendix A. It was felt that placing these with the formulas would only add to the difficulty of reading through the mathematical sections. The equations are frequently taken from other credited or standard sources, but a number of equations have been derived or rearranged for this publication by the author. Further attention has been given to computer efficiency, for example by encouraging the use of nested power series in place of multiple-angle series. The book provides a comprehensive overview of various map projections, including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. It discusses the characteristics of each projection, such as area, shape, scale, and direction, and explains how they are used in mapping. The book also includes formulas and tables for each projection, along with numerical examples and references to other publications. The text is organized to allow users to quickly find the information they need, with a focus on the practical application of map projections in cartography and geographic information systems.