The article reviews the measures of emotion, focusing on whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system (experiential, physiological, and behavioural). The review examines how such responses are structured and if they converge across different response systems. The authors conclude that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states, and that the experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance. They suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding, and that all three types of measures are relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable. The review covers self-report measures, autonomic measures, startle response magnitude, brain states, and behaviour as measures of emotion, providing an overview of the current state of research and highlighting the limitations and potential for future studies.The article reviews the measures of emotion, focusing on whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system (experiential, physiological, and behavioural). The review examines how such responses are structured and if they converge across different response systems. The authors conclude that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states, and that the experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance. They suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding, and that all three types of measures are relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable. The review covers self-report measures, autonomic measures, startle response magnitude, brain states, and behaviour as measures of emotion, providing an overview of the current state of research and highlighting the limitations and potential for future studies.