This article reviews the concept of cognitive flexibility (CF), which involves the ability to adapt thinking and behavior in response to changing environmental demands. It examines three main approaches for assessing CF: neuropsychological tasks, self-report questionnaires, and neuroscientific methods. The review highlights the lack of a unified definition and assessment of CF, suggesting the need for a more consistent conceptualization. The article proposes an integrative behavior-brain-context approach to better understand CF. It also discusses the benefits of CF in various aspects of daily life, such as academic achievement, resilience, and well-being, and its negative associations with conditions like depression and anxiety. The review emphasizes the importance of developing assessments and interventions to improve CF, particularly in early and middle childhood. It also explores the effectiveness of various CF interventions, including cognitive training and physical exercise, and the challenges in transferring these benefits to real-world settings. The article concludes that a comprehensive approach combining neuropsychological, self-report, and neuroscientific methods is essential for a deeper understanding of CF and its implications for mental health and well-being.This article reviews the concept of cognitive flexibility (CF), which involves the ability to adapt thinking and behavior in response to changing environmental demands. It examines three main approaches for assessing CF: neuropsychological tasks, self-report questionnaires, and neuroscientific methods. The review highlights the lack of a unified definition and assessment of CF, suggesting the need for a more consistent conceptualization. The article proposes an integrative behavior-brain-context approach to better understand CF. It also discusses the benefits of CF in various aspects of daily life, such as academic achievement, resilience, and well-being, and its negative associations with conditions like depression and anxiety. The review emphasizes the importance of developing assessments and interventions to improve CF, particularly in early and middle childhood. It also explores the effectiveness of various CF interventions, including cognitive training and physical exercise, and the challenges in transferring these benefits to real-world settings. The article concludes that a comprehensive approach combining neuropsychological, self-report, and neuroscientific methods is essential for a deeper understanding of CF and its implications for mental health and well-being.