This review article by Bhaskar Gupta and Bingru Huang provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to and tolerate salinity stress. Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that limits plant growth and productivity, affecting over 20% of cultivated land globally. The article highlights the complex physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits involved in plant adaptation to salinity, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach combining molecular tools with physiological and biochemical techniques. The introduction discusses the challenges posed by salinity stress, including osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, which can lead to severe physiological disorders. The review also reviews the genetic variations in salt tolerance among different plant species, with halophytes being more salt-tolerant than glycophytes. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance are detailed, including ion homeostasis, ion transport, biosynthesis of osmoprotectants, antioxidant enzyme activation, polyamine synthesis, nitric oxide generation, and hormone modulation. Specific mechanisms such as the SOS signaling pathway, which regulates Na⁺ efflux and homeostasis, are discussed in detail. The article also explores the roles of compatible solutes (osmolytes) like proline, glycine betaine, and polyols in protecting plant cells from osmotic stress. Antioxidant regulation, including the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of nonenzymatic antioxidants, is another critical aspect of salt tolerance. Polyamines, small polycationic molecules, are highlighted for their role in stress tolerance, with increased levels observed under salinity stress. Nitric oxide (NO) is discussed for its protective effects on plant cells, including its antioxidant activities and modulation of ROS detoxification systems. The article also covers the transcriptional regulation and gene expression of salinity tolerance, emphasizing the importance of transcription factors and the involvement of various genes in stress responses. Finally, the proteomic and metabolic responses to salinity stress are reviewed, providing a global picture of the dynamic changes in plant responses at different levels. Overall, the review underscores the multifaceted nature of plant adaptation to salinity stress and the importance of integrating various molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms to develop salt-tolerant plant varieties.This review article by Bhaskar Gupta and Bingru Huang provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to and tolerate salinity stress. Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that limits plant growth and productivity, affecting over 20% of cultivated land globally. The article highlights the complex physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits involved in plant adaptation to salinity, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach combining molecular tools with physiological and biochemical techniques. The introduction discusses the challenges posed by salinity stress, including osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, which can lead to severe physiological disorders. The review also reviews the genetic variations in salt tolerance among different plant species, with halophytes being more salt-tolerant than glycophytes. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance are detailed, including ion homeostasis, ion transport, biosynthesis of osmoprotectants, antioxidant enzyme activation, polyamine synthesis, nitric oxide generation, and hormone modulation. Specific mechanisms such as the SOS signaling pathway, which regulates Na⁺ efflux and homeostasis, are discussed in detail. The article also explores the roles of compatible solutes (osmolytes) like proline, glycine betaine, and polyols in protecting plant cells from osmotic stress. Antioxidant regulation, including the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of nonenzymatic antioxidants, is another critical aspect of salt tolerance. Polyamines, small polycationic molecules, are highlighted for their role in stress tolerance, with increased levels observed under salinity stress. Nitric oxide (NO) is discussed for its protective effects on plant cells, including its antioxidant activities and modulation of ROS detoxification systems. The article also covers the transcriptional regulation and gene expression of salinity tolerance, emphasizing the importance of transcription factors and the involvement of various genes in stress responses. Finally, the proteomic and metabolic responses to salinity stress are reviewed, providing a global picture of the dynamic changes in plant responses at different levels. Overall, the review underscores the multifaceted nature of plant adaptation to salinity stress and the importance of integrating various molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms to develop salt-tolerant plant varieties.